Zimbabwe and South Africa - 2491 Words

In the recent years, China has had a growing presence in the African continent, engaging in trades, delivering aid and initiating projects. China’s involvement in Africa is something that has triggered very animated debates among students and scholars. Many hypotheses as to China’s intentions have been presented. Is China really the solution to Africa’s underdevelopment or simply for its own political and economical interests? This essay will present a more pessimistic view on this whole situation arguing the very dangers and consequences of China’s relationship with Africa. Not only does China worsen the countries’ economic conditions by triggering high levels of inflation and unemployment but it also represent a new form of colonialism†¦show more content†¦With China, Zimbabwe would â€Å"never walk alone† claimed Emerson Mnangagwa, speaker of the Zimbabwe parliament (qtd in Obiorah 39). Nonetheless, several experts have condemne d the Chinese government for fueling the ongoing conflicts in Zimbabwe and for helping the authoritarian government in its repression of any opposition. China has been heavily criticized for shipping armament to Zimbabwe that would ultimately distributed to the military and the militia that would help keep the opposition down during the 2008 elections. Although China adopts its non-interference stance, such types of trades are ultimately affecting the country. The delivery of those arms coincided with a time of extreme hostilities in the country and many pointed fingers at the Chinese government for blatant human rights violations (Spiegel and Le Billon 324, 330). South Africa, unlike Zimbabwe, has a more mature and solid political system. Therefore, China has been more prudent in its relation with that country (Taylor 22). In the past, South African leaders were highly critical of the â€Å"Chinese-style communism† and â€Å"Maoism† which was spreading in South Africa calling for a total rejection of the country. However, China still got involved in the conflicts in Pretoria in 1973 as well as in the struggle against apartheid in order to build their relationship with South Africa (Taylor 135-139). While China was pushing for democratization in South Africa, it wasShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting The Electoral Elections Of Zimbabwe And South Africa1345 Words   |  6 Pagesseveral factors affecting declining electoral turnout in Zimbabwe and South Africa. After just twenty years of attainment of national independence from United Kingdom, in the year 2000, Zimbabwe experienced what can only be termed a major setback in its tr ansition to democracy. Without threat of defeat from opposition parties, the ruling party ZANU PF had enjoyed dominance in Zimbabwe, where they enjoyed victory after victory in elections. Zimbabwe Parliamentary Elections of 2000 saw ZANU PF face formidableRead More Comparative Analysis of Economic and Political Cleavages in South Africa and Zimbabwe2326 Words   |  10 PagesComparative Analysis of Economic and Political Cleavages in South Africa and Zimbabwe Introduction Comparative politics is concerned with examining the characteristics or qualities of two different political entities to discover resemblances or differences. These entities can be general in nature, for example, the comparison of two countries, or more specific in nature, comparing two different systems of government. But, whether general or specific in nature, comparative politics tries toRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Botswana, South Africa Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pages1 ​Today, in the world, especially African Countries in the South are facing an epidemic that has gone completely ignored by their very own government. Instead of proposing policies directed towards reducing the amount of HIV/AIDS cases that continue to rise each year, they have chosen to implement failed policies or none at all. Countries that have attempted to enact government policy to try to decrease the spread of the epidemic has ultimately failed in a broad sense. The epidemic is known asRead MoreThe Republic of Zimbabwe1750 Words   |  7 PagesThe Republic of Zimbabwe, formerly known as Southern Rhodesia under British colonial rule, obtained independence in February of 1980 through free parliamentary elections, formally recognizing the country of Zimbabwe as an independent sovereign state. The orchestrators of the revolutionary rebellion of Black Zimbabweans against minority rule were the two major African nationalist groups: Zimbabwean African National Union (ZANU), le ad by Robert Mugabe, and Joshua Nkomo’s Zimbabwe African People’s UnionRead MoreIn Zimbabwe we can see large pyramids these large pyramids are all called the â€Å"Great Zimbabwe† or1500 Words   |  6 PagesIn Zimbabwe we can see large pyramids; these large pyramids are all called the â€Å"Great Zimbabwe† or the houses of stone. The country of Zimbabwe is named after these pyramids. The stone pyramids were built in stages between 800 and 1500 A.D. Looking at historical evidence from archeological sites we see that the ancient people that lived in the region of Zimbabwe had skills in agriculture, rearing domestication of animals, and iron works. (Sibusisiwe Mubi) In different ages different people inhabitedRead MoreReasons for Zimbabwes Economic Decline Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesSeveral decades ago, Zimbabwe was a country with good prospects, being the most rapidly developing African country. Nevertheless, few countries in Africa managed to continue prospering in XXI century, but Zimbabwe did not. Zimbabwean economy lies at the bottom of GDP ratings, faced one of the largest rates of hyperinflation in common history and does not develop due to corrupt administration and insufficient policy. Moreover, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe is responsible for printing money for governmentRead MoreResearch Rep787 Words   |  4 PagesProject Topic: (To research the following) A range of development indicators that South Africa is more developed than its neighbouring countries (Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland and Lesotho) | Mrs. K. Nagiah | | Done by: Caleb Terah Manikam Done by: Caleb Terah Manikam Caleb Terah Manikam11C Reg. no.:10 Geography Caleb Terah Manikam11C Reg. no.:10 Geography Content 1. Introduction 2. Comparison of development indicators in the seven countries 3.Read MoreZimbabwe Is A Nation Country Rich Essay967 Words   |  4 Pages The name Zimbabwe is derived from the Shona phrase dzimba dzemabe meaning the stone house (Zimbabwe, n.d.). The former name of Zimbabwe was Southern Rhodesia. The country is the home to approximately 15 million people (population total, n.d.). Positioned in Southern Africa, Zimbabwe is a region in Sub-Saharan Africa. Zimbabwe recognized for all of the gorgeous scenery such as Victoria Falls, the Zambezi River, Hwange National Park, Safari areas, and Matusadona. Victoria Falls is the worldRead MoreCecil Rhodes Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesCecil Rhodes Thesis Statement: Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) was the main factor in determining the economic and political structure of today’s Zimbabwe (modern day Rhodesia). In the late 19th century, Cecil Rhodes, along with a multitude of armed white settlers, invaded the country of present-day Zimbabwe. All resistance was crushed and the British South African Company was created; this later became the basis for colonization of the entire country. Once Cecil gained control of the diamond and goldRead More Economic Development In Zimbabwe Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pages Economic Development in Zimbabwe The country of Zimbabwe is one of the most economically developed on the African continent . A fairly young political entity, Zimbabwe has only enjoyed recognized autonomy since 1980, the year in which the United Kingdom repealed its imperialistic claims to the African nation . Despite its youth the country has achieved a level of economic development uncharacteristic of sub-Saharan African nations. Second only to South Africa in economic development, Zimbabwes

The Discovery And Conquest Of Latin America And The...

Conquering the Americas The discovery and eventually conquest of Latin America and the Caribbean Islands is perhaps one of the single most important encounter of two cultures. In 1492, when the conquistadores first set foot on the New World, not only did they discovered territories previously unknown to them; but also great civilizations who inhabited the lands. As Marshall Eakin describes in his book The History of Latin America, the civilizations of the Americas were â€Å"monarchies led by powerful leaders†¦ they were built in complex social and cultural systems† (Eakin, 65). Nevertheless despite the Native American’s great achievements, these civilizations possessed a great amount of disadvantages compared to their Spanish conquerors. Such disadvantages played a decisive role in the conquest of the New World by the Spaniards. The conquistadores’ main decisive factor in the conquest of the New World was the transferal of old world diseases into the new world, followed by their s uperior weapons, the Indigenous rivalries, native superstitions, and the aid of black slaves. The greatest factor for the Spanish’s conquest of the Americas was the appearance of old world diseases in the new world. In his text First encounters Higman agrees, â€Å"People of the Caribbean suffered heavily when first exposed to diseases endemic in Europe and Africa but unknown in the Americas. The most deadly was smallpox, but influenza, measles, malaria, yellow fever, typhus, and the bubonic plague also tookShow MoreRelatedThe Environmental Effects Of Latin American Colonization2232 Words   |  9 PagesThe Environmental Effects of Latin American Colonization The year 1492 is arguably the most important span of 12 months in world history; nearly a quarter of a million Jews were expelled from Spain, Pope Alexander VI came into power, and most importantly, Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus was the first European to set foot in what came to be known as â€Å"the New World.† It’s common knowledge that Columbus didn’t really discover the New World. Rather, the Americas, as the New World came to be knownRead MoreThe Relationship between Sugar and Slavery in the Early Modern Period3546 Words   |  15 Pageson plantations they established in conquered Mediterranean islands. In the late 1300s and 1400s the Portuguese colonised Madeira and the Azores for the same purpose as the Spanish absorbed the Canary islands. Indeed it was the profits which made themselves available from sugar production that provided the impetus for the development of the plantation system that matured in the Mediterranean, spreading to the Atlant ic and later the Americas on the back of the sugar trade, it was also such a concernRead MoreColonization and the First Globalization2299 Words   |  10 PagesClayton Partridge World History to 1750 Professor Schultz Colonization and the First Globalization In order for one to gain a better knowledge of how terrestrial and ocean colonization unfolded in the Americas, Siberia, Africa, and China, a person must first understand the definition of colonization. Simply put, colonization is an ongoing process of control by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components. This means that a foreign government moves intoRead MoreNotes on Colonialism and Imperialism1489 Words   |  6 Pagesyears to weeks * Telegraph invented in 1830s, global reach by 1900 * European imperialism * The British empire in India * Company rule under the English East India Company * EIC took advantage of Mughal decline in India, began conquest of India in 1750s * Built trading cities and forts at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay * Ruled domains with small British force and Indian troops called sepoys * Sepoy mutiny, 1857: attacks on British civilians led to swift British reprisals Read MoreEffects Of The Columbian Exchange1121 Words   |  5 Pagesoften looked at and thought of for all of the good things it brought, like the exchange of animals, plants, and food between the Old World and the New World. But the Columbian Exchange also included the transfer of diseases between Europe and the Americas.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Old World diseases were transferred European sailors to Native Americans. The diseases played at least as big of role in defeating the Native Americans as advanced weaponry did (Craig). In the first 20 years after the first encounter, whereverRead MoreLegacy of Christopher Columbus2614 Words   |  11 PagesThe Legacy of Christopher Columbus Abstract After many centuries, a lot of controversy still surrounds Christopher Columbus. He remains to be a strange figure in history regarded as a famous explorer and a great mariner who made many discoveries in his days. Other people still regard him as a visionary and a national hero while others chose to remember him as a brutal and greedy person who used the rest of the humanity for his own selfish gains. Despite the fact that there have been protests inRead MoreResearch Paper - Is Christopher Columbus a Hero or Villain2022 Words   |  9 PagesChristopher Columbus found a new world and jumpstarted an age of exploration like no other. After he found the Americas there was massive colonization, giant trade increases and more resources such as gold and silver were being surfaced. Europeans learned new agricultural techniques from the indigenous people, the Europeans also acquired a large number of new crops to farm such as potatoes, tomatoes, corn and cocoa. With all of the pros that the age of exploration brought to Europeans it is hardRead MoreAp European History Outline Chapter 10 Essay example5639 Words   |  23 PagesMr. Dunbar AP European History Chapter 10 Outline: Renaissance and Discovery Section One: The Renaissance in Italy * Section Overview * Jacob Burckhardt, a Swiss historian, described the Renaissance as the â€Å"prototype of the modern world† in his book Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) * In Italy blossomed new secular and scientific views * People became to approach the world empirically and draw rational conclusions based on observation Read More British Empire Essay2886 Words   |  12 PagesTHE BRITISH EMPIRE The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for a time was the foremost global power. It was a product of the European age of discovery, which began with the maritime explorations of the 15th century, that sparked the era of the European colonial empires. By 1921, the British Empire held sway over a population of about 458 million people, approximately one-quarter of the worlds population. It covered about 36.6 million km ² (14.2 million square miles), about a quarterRead MoreRenaissance And Discovery Of The Renaissance4916 Words   |  20 PagesChapter 10 Outline: Renaissance and Discovery The Renaissance in Italy Jacob Burckhardt, a Swiss historian, described the Renaissance as the â€Å"prototype of the modern world† in his book Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860). People became to approach the world empirically and draw rational conclusions based on observation. Burckhardt saw the emergence of the modern world emerge from that of the pre-modern, or medieval, period. Some criticize Burckhardt for overlooking the continuity between

Heart of Darkness Commentary - 893 Words

Tiffany Thet November 26, 2011 IB English Year 1 Heart of Darkness Commentary Heart of Darkness is a novella written by Conrad, a parallel of the very experiences that Conrad has gone through and ultimately a look at human nature at its lowest and cruelest form. The book centers around Marlow, an introspective sailor, and his journey up the Congo River to meet Kurtz, reputed to be an idealistic man of great abilities, as if he was a deity. Ultimately Kurtz’s mental collapse and subsequent monstrosities culminate into a tragic anti-climatic death in which Kurtz utters the dying words â€Å"The horror! The horror!† His dying words seem to reflect Kurtz own feelings and realizations of his very being, his demise and his regret for†¦show more content†¦This is also coupled with the fact that the words are emphasized with exclamation points despite the fact that it was â€Å"a cry that was no more than a breath† further drives home the sense of urgency and pain that Kurtz’s last moments on Earth were. In the context of the structure and the moment in the novel that it takes place it only further cause the reader to have a sense of pity towards Kurtz. His dying words come at an almost anti-climatic stage of the novel further eliciting the sense of pity and regret that surrounds Kurtz. It’s an abrupt ending to this once god-like character which seemed to be â€Å"above† everyone. Conrad’s use of separating his dying words from the passage that describes his death leaves the reader feeling disjointed and makes the death seem almost broken further fueling the sense of regret and pain that surrounds Kurtz’s last words. Ultimately, whether or not Kurtz finds redemption in death the reader may never know however perhaps it is not the brutality, nor the madness, perhaps not even the dark realizations of the character that is Kurtz’s legacy. Perhaps it is Kurtz’s potential for, in spite of his twisted and psychotic mind, greatness and sheer ambition that will be his legacy. Perhaps this is what Conrad wants us to merely see in Kurtz’s dying words, perhaps this is all we untouched humans will see: theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1250 Words   |  5 Pages Written in 1902, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness follows the character Marlow in his journey up the Congo River to find the mysterious Kurtz, an ivory trader. In the story, Conrad explores the issues of colonialism and imperialism. The Company has enslaved native Congolese to help them mine for ivory and rubber in the area. The Congolese experience brutal working conditions as the company p rofits off their free labor. Racism is evident throughout the story with Marlow calling the blacks â€Å"savages†Read MoreEthnocentrism: with Whom Resides the Heart of Darkness?790 Words   |  4 PagesEthnocentrism 1 Ethnocentrism With Whom Resides the Heart of Darkness? Antonio Arevalo James Campbell High School Ethnocentrism 2 Abstract This paper discusses Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrads most acclaimed novel, and attempts to determine what the heart of darkness that Conrad speaks of is. I found, through my interpretations, that the heart of darkness is the ethnocentrism that Europeans maintained in the age of colonialism. More specifically, this ethnocentrism broughtRead MoreKing s Ghost By Adam Hochschild Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pageshis research and background was thorough and descriptive. Conrad’s Heart of Darkness served as a primary influence to many people who seeked to further their knowledge on the predicaments surrounding the Congo. On the contrary, rather than displaying literary occurrences, he portrayed creativity in a hypothetical scenario to draw readers attention. Edward Said, author of â€Å"Two Visions in the Heart of Darkness†, provides commentary on the work of Conrad exclaiming that Conrad provided readers a senseRead MoreStevenson and Conrad: The Duality of Human Nature 680 Words   |  3 PagesThe literary device of personification is found in both The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Heart of Darkness. This literary device is shown to further demonstrate the theme, the duality in human nature. Personification is defined as the ascription of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of a theoretical quality in human form. Stevenson uses personification to figuratively make London come alive. Mr. Utterson comments on the scenery byRead MorePersonal Profits Crucial Role in Defining a Human Being861 Words   |  3 Pagesfeeling toward peers. A similar situation is seen throughout many works of literature such as Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, where a mariner named Marl ow, who uncovers the mysteries and horrors of the African interior, seeks to meet an esteemed figure named Kurtz. When Marlow discovers Kurtz’s true nature and actions, he realizes the extreme degree of corruptness the human race possesses. In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad suggests that humans only seek personal profit, shown through character relationshipsRead MoreImperialism Within the Heart of Darkness1143 Words   |  5 PagesImperialism within the Heart of Darkness A phenomenon, The Heart of Darkness, is a classic novel by Joseph Conrad, who reward individuals with their dark nature. The darkness that the characters face within themselves is the anchor towards the main theme of imperialism. Native Africans, around the early 1900s, were victims of imperialism in the novel. The Europeans saw themselves as prodigies and felt everyone redundant wanted to be like them for they perceived themselves as extraordinary. TheRead MoreStevenson and Conrad: The Duality of Human Nature 949 Words   |  4 Pagesalso employs the literary device of symbolism to further display the theme, the duality of human nature in his novella Heart of Darkness. Three major examples of symbolism are evident in this novella. These examples include, light and dark, the Congo River, and ivory. Similar to Stevenson, Conrad uses light and dark symbolism throughout his novella. Yet curiously in Heart of Darkness, light does not symbolize genuine goodness nor does dark symbolize p ure calamity. Marlow proves this when he says asRead MoreThe Ideas of Reality and Perception in Heart of Darkness1350 Words   |  6 Pageswe have been reading. The Heart of Darkness explores reality and perspective in several interesting ways; these include amongst others the interplay of reality and objectivity, the use of otherness to define one’s own identity and the construction of that otherness in direct association with one’s perceptions of oneself. This essay seeks to trace the interconnectedness of the ideas of reality and perspective in Heart of Darkness with a view to both the process and results ofRead MoreNarrative Structure In Heart Of Darkness, By Joseph Conrad736 Words   |  3 PagesA frame narrative structure allows authors to incorporate their character’s reflection and their own opinions into a story. The novella Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, uses a frame structure to tell the story of Marlow, a European seaman, as he journeys into Africa to extract an ivory hoarder. However, in the frame of the story, the people who hear Marlow’s tale seem to be unmoved and do not take Marlow seriousl y. The lack of response from the group suggests they do not want to hear Marlow,Read MoreAn Analysis of Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesAn Analysis of Conrads Heart of Darkness In the twentieth century, nihilistic themes, such as moral degeneration, mans bestial instincts at the core of the soul, and cosmic purposelessness, have

Foundation Management for Business Scenario and Organizations

Question: Discuss about theFoundation Management for Business Scenario and Organizations. Answer: Introduction In the present business scenario, contemporary business organizations face more diverse business challenges in their daily operations than ever. The contemporary business scenario is more complex and challenging than it is being a few years ago. Thus, more and more new theories are being originated for the business organizations in order to enable them to cope up with the change in business scenario (Van Wart 2013). However, majority of the management theories being originated are contradictory to one another. Various different criterions are being emerged by them for the business organizations to face the organizational challenges in effectively organizing and managing the organizational procedures (Clegg, Kornberger and Pitsis 2015). This essay will discuss about the various theories of organizing and managing the business organizations. A critical analysis will be done to evaluate the effectiveness of these theories. It will enable to determine that whether there is only one best way to manage or the managerial decision will depend on the situation. Critical analysis of different theories As told earlier, different theories and opinions are being given by the authors in view to the managerial roles and effectiveness of the organization. Several authors are of the opinions that, the policies and strategies in the particular organization should have singular approach and it should not be changed in any situation. According to them, changing of the unified organizational procedures and management styles will affect the organizational cultures. Similar opinion being given by Sahin (2012), regarding the management styles. According to him, the attitudes and beliefs of the managers are one of the key determinants in influencing the best the way to manage. He stated that according to the McGregors theory of x and y, managers lead their employees accordingly. Managers following the theory x follows the authoritarian style of leadership. According to him, this style helps in directing the employees effectively in any given situation. Moreover, due to lack of accumulation of th e opinions from the employees, it becomes easy for the managers to initiate the decision making process by own and in more effective manner. On the other hand, managers following the theory y, offers more options of participation of the employees. According to this theory, decision making process is being initiated with the opinions of the employees. Though, it involves more time but is more effective for the organizational procedures. Effectiveness of transformational leadership Some other authors such as Garca-Morales, Jimnez-Barrionuevo, and Gutirrez-Gutirrez (2012) are of the opinion that, transformational style of leadership is the most effective managerial style for driving the organizational excellence. This is due to the reason that, in the case of the transformational style of leadership. Employees are being motivated for generating innovative ideas along with the visionary goals of the higher level management. According to the authors, this managerial style helps the organization in effectively determining the requirement of the market and initiates the organizational strategies accordingly. The employees are being kept motivated and equipped, which eventually helps the organization in facing the challenges effectively. According to the authors, initiation of this managerial style helps the organizations in handling the negative business environment also. In addition, the motivation of the employees in generating the innovative ideas helps the organ izations in gaining the competitive advantages from the market. Initiation of singular approach of management According to Ertureten, Cemalcilar and Aycan (2013), initiation of singular approach of management in the organization have their own set of advantages for the business organizations. This is due to the reason that, according to the authors, the internal stakeholders in the organization including the employees and different managerial levels are being accustomed with a particular type of management style. Thus, with the sudden change in the existing style of management, they may have adverse impact on their effectiveness. It will take time for them to get adjusted with the new set of regulations. The authors also stated that, other related aspects of the internal management such as communication channels should also have to change with the change in the style of management. Thus, according to them, it will be favorable for the business organizations to stick to a single style of management and modify it according to the situation. There is no best way to manage On the other hand of the opinion that, business organizations should initiate a singular approach of management style, some other authors have given several valid points, which conclude that there is no best way to manage. According to Thompson and Glaso (2015), business organizations should not have a singular approach in maintaining their style of management. This is due to the reason that, according to the authors, business organizations from around the world are operating in different and diverse business environment. Thus, a singular approach is not applicable for all. In addition, the current business scenario is rapidly changing and following of same and similar approach will make hard for the business organizations in handling the business situation effectively. According to DuBois, Hanlon, Koch, Nyatuga and Kerr (2015), it is necessary for the business organization to change their style of management according to the current situation. This is due to the fact that, the requirement of the internal as well as external stakeholders of the organization are changing rapidly and thus, to meet the emerging requirement, they cannot have a single way of management. According to the authors, if the internal stakeholders of a particular business organization are well equipped and motivated in their workplace, then a more democratic management style can be initiated. However, on the other hand, if the internal stakeholders are more comfortable in directive style of management then, authoritarian style will be applicable. They also stated that, the style of management is also determined by the business competitiveness. If the operating area for the particular organization is more competitive and dynamic, then motivation of the employees to generate innovative ideas will have favorable outcome (Aziz and Rizkallah 2015). On the other hand, if the business scenario is less sensitive or elastic to change and it operates in same conventional way, then directive style will be more favorable. Thus, the management style of the organizations should be based on the situation and environment where they are currently operating. Adhering to every management styles As told by Yukl (2012), there are advantages and disadvantages in every kind of managing the business organizations. According to him, if an organization initiates the democratic style of management, then also they will face issue in involving more time in the decision making process. Moreover, it will be difficult for the organization to bring consensus from among the varied opinions of the employees. On the other hand, if the organization initiates the directive style of management then also they will face the issues of dissatisfaction of the employees in their workplace (Sageer, Rafat and Agarwal 2012). In addition, the effective identification of the requirement of the employees will also not be possible. Thus, according to him, business organizations should initiate the situational style by adhering to the merits of all the available management styles. It will prove more effective for the organizations. Discussion From the above critical analysis, it is been seen that several authors have given varied opinions about the best possible way of organizational management. The situational mode will be more applicable and favorable for the business organization due to the reason that, it will help the organization to be flexible enough in coping up with the changing business scenario. Moreover, the current global business scenario is more of customer oriented rather than manufacturer oriented (Adekola and Sergi 2016). Thus, effective determination of the market requirement is important for the organizations to stay ahead in the competition. However, one aspect that needs to be considered by the business organizations is that, strategies and approaches are to be initiated in according to the requirement of the market. Thus, to initiate strategies according to the requirement of the market, the organizational management should be flexible to change with the situation (Santos-Vijande, Lopez-Sanchez and Trespalacios 2012). In addition, the situational style of management will further help the organizations to train and equip the internal stakeholders according the current need. Based on the internal and external situation or environment of the organization, the management style should be initiated. Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that, for the contemporary business organizations, managing the internal operation is more complex than ever. Thus, they should be flexible enough in order to get adjust with the changing scenario of the business. It is been discussed in this essay that, sticking to a single type of management style will not help the organization in dealing with the changing scenario. Analysis done by various authors is being evaluated in this essay and it concludes that initiation of situation style of management will help the organization to change or modify their management approach with the change in the external and internal situation. It is being discussed briefly in this essay that situational style of management will prove beneficial for the contemporary business organizations. Reference Adekola, A. and Sergi, B.S., 2016. Global business management: A cross-cultural perspective. Aziz, H.H.A. and Rizkallah, A., 2015. Effect of organizational factors on employees' generation of innovative ideas. EuroMed Journal of Business, 10(2), p.134. Clegg, S.R., Kornberger, M. and Pitsis, T., 2015. Managing and organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Sage. DuBois, M., Hanlon, J., Koch, J., Nyatuga, B. and Kerr, N., 2015. Leadership styles of effective project managers: Techniques and traits to lead high performance teams. Journal of Economic Development, Management, IT, Finance, and Marketing, 7(1), p.30. Ertureten, A., Cemalcilar, Z. and Aycan, Z., 2013. The relationship of downward mobbing with leadership style and organizational attitudes. Journal of Business Ethics, 116(1), pp.205-216. Garca-Morales, V.J., Jimnez-Barrionuevo, M.M. and Gutirrez-Gutirrez, L., 2012. Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation. Journal of business research, 65(7), pp.1040-1050. Sageer, A., Rafat, S. and Agarwal, P., 2012. Identification of variables affecting employee satisfaction and their impact on the organization. IOSR Journal of business and management, 5(1), pp.32-39. ?ahin, F., 2012. The mediating effect of leadermember exchange on the relationship between Theory X and Y management styles and affective commitment: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Management Organization, 18(2), pp.159-174. Santos-Vijande, M.L., Lpez-Snchez, J.. and Trespalacios, J.A., 2012. How organizational learning affects a firm's flexibility, competitive strategy, and performance. Journal of Business Research, 65(8), pp.1079-1089. Thompson, G. and Glas, L., 2015. Situational leadership theory: a test from three perspectives. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 36(5), pp.527-544. Van Wart, M., 2013. Lessons from leadership theory and the contemporary challenges of leaders. Public Administration Review, 73(4), pp.553-565. Yukl, G., 2012. Effective leadership behavior: What we know and what questions need more attention. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), pp.66-85.

Globalization Coca Cola Essay Example

Globalization Coca Cola Essay Globalization describes the proliferate synthesis of the world’s economic, political, technological and socio-cultural systems through the liberalization of international trade and investment or the reduction of barriers to international trade such as tariffs, import quotas and other related import and export restrictions. Globalization has allowed a greater establishment of goods, services, wealth and society development throughout the world, however, its implications such as the unequal distributions of income and employment opportunities due to outsourcing methods to derive relative unit labour costs and the constant company and government power struggles is becoming an increasing cause for concern. Nevertheless, companies continue to expand and develop and take advantage of globalization, which is considered to be an historic trend and an inevitable evolution process. The Coca Cola Company is a prominent, American Multinational beverage company that constitutes its own product manufacturing, distributing and marketing efforts in over 200 countries worldwide. The company that is best known for its bellwether beverage, Coca Cola, was established as The Coca Cola Company in 1889 by Asa Candler and has presently, collaborated with approximately 300 bottling partners throughout the world. It offers 500 brands of products including of diet beverages, sports drinks, teas coffees and juices. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization Coca Cola specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization Coca Cola specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization Coca Cola specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Coca Cola is considered to be one of the biggest brands in the world and the company, one of the world’s first global companies. The influence and impact of globalization on The Coca Cola Company was crucial for the company’s success as statistics prove that presently, 70 percent of the company’s income is propagated through non local operating territories. As a consequence of globalization, the Coca Company has capitalized on many opportunities and experienced many backlashes. When the Coca Cola syrup was created by pharmacist, John Pemberton in 1886, citizens of the United States were delighted and enthusiastic by the new product that was distributed from a cola fountain. As the demand for the product grew John sold the exclusive rights for the product to salesman, Asa Griggs Candler, who began developing the product as a brand. Asa Candler began to introduce Coca Cola throughout the United States by developing marketing strategies such as offering coupons and merchandise with the Coca Cola logo. This strategy soon made coca cola to be available and consumed in every state of the United States. Subsequently, because of the exceedingly increasing demand for the beverage new measures had to be established to distribute the product to reach all their customers. In the year 1894 coca cola was put into bottles that allowed the product portability. Large scale bottle manufacturing activities was then initiated after statistics had proven that the bottled coca cola sales surpassed the fountain sales. The new bottling innovation along with continuous marketing strategies took the company to the global stage and the coca cola beverage was now bottled in Cuba, Panama and Canada. The exclusive right to sell the product was then sold to lawyers, Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead whom had to please their exceedingly expanding consumer base as the company was now an international company. Globalization of Coca Cola’s operations allowed the organization to serve a greater variety of consumers that contributed to a great increase in demand however it also affected the company negatively as it also spurred competition. Joseph and Benjamin began implementing and delegating new methods to safeguard their product such as advertising to consumers to demand the authentic coca cola and to refuse substitutes. They also gave the coca cola beverage a new feature, they distributed the beverage in a contour glass bottle that can be recognized anywhere by consumers and this advancement brought new life to the company. The new design allowed the company to further expand globally. The company was also able to utilize outsourcing methods to achieve cheaper labour and machinery costs to enhance the company’s profitability. The company then began distributing its flagship product to Puerto Rico, France and other foreign countries. By the year 1900-1920 the Coca Cola Company had established about 1000 plants worldwide from only 2 plants initially. One can observe how the competitive forces and increasing demand, as a result of globalization, basically forced the company to become more innovative and creative subsequently resulting in better and reinforced marketing strategies as well as an new and more appealing and distinctive image for the product that positively impacted the profitability of the company. However if the company did not respond to the new pressures of the global environment they may have experienced a lesser demand for their product and lose competitive advantage due to the fact that fellow competitors would be given an opportunity to move in on their market share. This would have severely impacted the success of the companies in a negative way as the company would be losing customers thereby losing revenue and profits. So it can be said that a global business environment requires a company that must be able to survive susceptible changes. These susceptible changes are triggered because of the continuous change in consumer needs and wants that is mainly generated by advance the continuous progression of globalization. To survive these susceptible changes companies must consistently derive new innovations and new ideas to keep up with their constantly changing consumer needs. As the world began interconnecting more globally because of technological, political, educational and corporate advancement mainly because of social and cultural preferences beginning to become more similar, new doors began to open for the corporate world to strategize their global operations and recognition. In 1923 Robert Woodruff who was then the president of the company utilized the Olympic Games as an international foundation for the company. The company sponsored the United States team which allowed coca cola to further be recognized on highly publicized international stage. During this event, Robert Woodruff began to introduce new inventions, these inventions were the six pack carrier case, a vending machine and new fountain dispensers with a bell shaped glasses. The games assisted to spur new innovations within the global environment on a more recognized stage thereby further impacting the success and growth of the company. Again as globalization progressed changes in innovations were needed inorder to secure and expand market share, reinforce competitive advantage and please the changing demands of international consumers. Becoming an international company means that one would be serving an international market therefore consumers will have different preferences and with coca cola continuing to derive new methods to distribute their product in different ways consumers will now have a variety of ways to enjoy the product, subsequently this would allow more options for consumer to be pleased therefore attracting more customers and expanding market share. The Coca Cola Company continued to reinvent its marketing strategies to grasp international attention and appeal. They added a new shorter trademark name entitled ‘coke’ to the beverage. This new ‘name’ was responded to with mix reviews as some international bodies slammed the name because it was the same shortened name used for the illicit substance cocaine. Being a growing international success, the changes conducted by company would be more highlighted in the global spotlight due to organizations watchdogs and similar corporations, therefore a greater reaction would be accompanied by the change. In this case the reaction was a controversial one that can negatively affect the image of the company . Consumers were now hesitant to use the new ‘name’ nevertheless, coca cola responded to this matter by creating a young character entitled the ‘Sprite boy’ to promote the new trademark for the product, and even though the criticism pursued statistics have proven that the word ‘coke’ presently is one of the most popular words utilized in the English vocabulary today, so obviously the marketing tactics devised and implemented by the company was victorious. By devising this strategy consumers felt more comfortable with the change and therefore acknowledged the new innovation at ease. As the international success of the company expanded, Woodruff continued to use the arising global opportunities to his advantage. World War 2 had now commenced and Woodruff made the beverage available to all service people in uniform at a cheaper price this allowed the beverage to be purchased in massive amounts during the war which then allowed the company to the opportunity to create 64 additional bottling plants inorder to provide for United States military and service personnel in international countries. This laid the most important international foundation that increased the international market of the company. Most people got to experience their first taste of the beverage for the first time ever this led to business boom after the war for the company. When the war subsided the company capitalized on its new foundation by using advertisements that promoted coca cola as the beverage that can suit any lifestyle and that can bring happiness to one’s life and relieve post war stress. This once again led to a desire for more innovative measures to be established to distribute its product to its consumers and as a result this led to the invention of the ‘coke in cans’. Coke in cans further extended the company’s market share and with the company’s global success progressing substantially, more coca cola manufacturing plants were established in other foreign countries. Globalization also allowed more varied beverage manufacturing companies to penetrate the beverage market. Consumers therefore developed a need for a variety of beverages such as juices, coffees, teas, sports and health drinks etc. This new demand was necessitated by new companies who influenced the desires of the customers by creating further beverage innovations. Coke therefore decided to develop other brands and types of beverages besides its bellwether beverage to reinforce its competitiveness and increase its consumer base in the beverage manufacturing market. The company began producing a carbonated beverage called Sprite, a diet drink called Tab and a coffee entitled Georgia Coffee Original. These new products allowed the enterprise to establish plants in China. The company was the first company ever permitted to sell packaged cold drinks in China bringing the total number of countries that Coca Cola distributes its products to 163. In the 1980’s the CEO of coca cola decided to further strategize the operations of the company in order to improve and extend its operations in a methodology that would increase profitability by organizing the various United States bottling organizations into a public company entitled Coca Cola Enterprises international. The company also introduced another successful beverage on the market, ‘diet coke’ to appease the needs of health conscious consumers. With globalization becoming more persistent throughout years, Coca Cola Company decided to reconstruct the taste of its product coca cola to establish a competitive advantage. Consumers responded to this change negatively and the company had to revert to its original recipe. However its success was not halted as the company continued to collaborate with more international sporting events such as the Fifa World Cup and the Rugby World Cup. The company also started producing other beverages such as Powerade sports drink, Vitamin Water, Fanta and Dasani bottled water. The company also bought the popular juice manufacturing company, Minute Maid and extended its product line. Proceeding into the early 2000’s coke began to experience severe global backlashes. The ingredients utilized in the company’s product recipe became a major concern to consumers, mainly the high fructose corn syrup, as researchers linked lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, dental erosion, strokes, hypertension and osteoporosis to the prolong use of coke’s products. Activists also accused coke’s products of being addictive because of the level of caffeine and other chemicals utilized in the recipe along with the aggressive marketing strategies, researchers even linked the advertisement schedule of the company to the cause for the increase in child obesity. The advertisements for the organizations Vitamin Water product was lso slammed as being misleading as the recipe utilized for the product was not at all healthy. The increase of health conscious behavior was as a result of globalization. Despite coke having substantial experience with the susceptible changing global environment the company failed to establish efforts to appease the demands of t he ‘new’ health conscious era of consumers that ultimately led to this backlash. Consumers were also becoming more environmentally friendly and coke’s damaging environmental impacts such as the polluting of the atmosphere and destruction of agriculture became more prominent to the public eye. The enterprise responded to this new change in consumer behavior by establishing plastic, semi recycled bottles and utilizing transportation that was less destructive to the atmosphere. Coke already had formatted and practiced glass recycling that cut the company’s production costs but this practice only became recognized during this era. It is therefore understood, that with the cultural changes of consumer behaviors that consumers expect corporate establishments to also care about what they proclaim to be morally right. One consumer behavior also initiates a progressive change among society causing the society to adapt and expect the same care to be considered and assisted by corporations whom they purchase from. So businesses must take the concerns of customers into consideration to fully please their consumers. Allegations have also surfaced of questionable, practices constituted by the company. The company was believed to have been involved in a series of assassinations of trade union advocates. It is alleged that paramilitary personnel were hired by Coke to reprimand the advocates which ultimately resulted in their deaths. This allegation seriously affected the image of the company and market share was now on the verge of declining. Coca Cola was also accused of attempting to monopolize the beverage market and therefore incurred a lawsuit that in turn led to restructuring of the company’s competitive efforts that was not as successful as their previous efforts therefore decreasing their competitive advantage and allowing more competitors to capitalize on their market share. Consequently, these events resulted in multiple lawsuits being filed against the enterprise and motivated activists to implement boycotting actions. These activities received major international support and coca cola products were subsequently banned from several universities. The multinational organization responded to the boycotting activities by simply denying any wrongdoing on the company’s part and defending themselves in court. This was realistically a weak approach to such a serious situation that presently continues to negatively affect the company’s image. If boycotting actions prolong, this will negatively affect the company’s market share resulting in demand and profit declines. Ultimately, as the health conscious behaviors continue to develop an additional pressure would be exerted on the company and as discussed before if the company continues to deny the concerns of consumers the company would lose their customers and eventually have to eradicate its operations due to substantial losses. The Coca Cola Company being a beverage manufacturing company is governed and regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. As consumers concerns of the health risks associated with ingredients utilized by coke continues to accelerate, these concerns can influence the FDA to ban such ingredients thus affecting the company’s operations. Additionally, with environmental concerns persisting to exist the eventual, forbiddance of specific types of manufacturing plants such as smelters and glass refining plants in certain international territories can also impact the company. International environmental change will also allow further opportunities and threats to be uncovered by companies. Climate Change is an intensifying actualization that will continue to impact the entire world. It is estimated that the future will bring warmer temperatures, with a warmer climate there would be a greater demand for cold beverages and also for Corporate Social Responsibility efforts to save the wildlife and societies that thrives on colder temperatures. The economic recession may even get worst and new methods would have to be established to allow the company to reduce costs inorder to enhance profitability and provide affordable prices for consumers. The Coca Cola Company being the successful business venture can use its marketing strengths and international operating experience to enhance its operations and eliminate current difficulties. The company possesses strengths such as large financial bases and loyal consumers. The company however must first respond to boycotts by giving an international ambiguous and detailed briefing of the events that inspired the boycotts. The company must also include in their briefing, methods that would be establish to discontinue consumer health and environmental concerns associated with the company’s operations and products. The company must also meet with distraught trade unions and the murdered victims’ families to discuss the existing issues. This would allow the company to be respected and thereby contributing to the recovery of the company’s image. The company must then launch research activities to obtain healthier recipes that would allow the same great taste to please the consumers. To replace the high fructose corn syrup the company can outsource cane sugar from Indonesia at an affordable price that would not increase the cost of the company this would allow the exemption of the fructose syrup and replacing it with a healthier substitute. Other unhealthy ingredients can also be replaced with affordable outsourced substitutes that would provide the same taste. If the company refuses to change the formula, an invention that can reduce the effect of the unhealthy ingredients such as a simple powder to sprinkle in the beverage before consuming that would eliminate or decrease the effects of the caffeine and other health risky ingredients can be manufactured and made available to consumers this will bring additional revenue to the company and appease health conscious customers. The company can also capitalize on this health conscious effect by developing a new and affordable 100% healthy juice made from real fruit and vegetables to appease health conscious consumers. Increased labour outsourcing methods combined with ingredient outsourcing products may also derive a cheaper relative unit labour cost that can accommodate more affordable prices to consumers during the progression of the global recession. Coca Cola must also focus more on environmental friendly policies by installing filters in all smoke exhausts and contributing to agriculture by initiating a tree planting program and also educating the public on how to recycle appropriately. Their products must also be packaged and branded with ecofriendly packaging. Coke must also introduce and develop new methods to distribute its products in case of smelters and glass manufacturing processes being abolished in the future. Coke can invent new technologies such as portable product dispensers that are long lasting and ecofriendly. In the event of severe climate change, the organization can constitute donation funds that can allow its customers to donate to efforts to devise methods such as advertising educational programs that states the steps one can take to take a stand against decrease the process of climate change such as eliminating the use of products containing CFC’s and limiting burning isposal efforts and upgrading to ecofriendly products. These advertisements can also highlighlights the company’s engineered ecofriendly packaged products. The company should also pioneer new products that would provide a cooling comfort to societies experiencing a warmer climate and warmer products that would comfort societies experiencing c older climates.

The 12 Days of Christmas in Spanish

The 12 Days of Christmas in Spanish Here are Spanish lyrics for The 12 Days of Christmas, a carol that has been sung in the English-speaking world since at least the 16th century. Los 12 das de Navidad El primer dà ­a de Navidad, mi amor me mandà ³una perdiz picando peras del peral. El segundo dà ­a de Navidad, mi amor me mandà ³dos tortolitas y una perdiz picando peras del peral. El tercer dà ­a de Navidad, mi amor me mandà ³tres gallinitas, dos tortolitas y una perdiz picando peras del peral. El cuarto dà ­a de Navidad, mi amor me mandà ³cuatro pajaritos, tres gallinitas, dos tortolitas y una perdiz picando peras del peral. El quinto dà ­a de Navidad, mi amor me mandà ³cinco anillos dorados, cuatro pajaritos, tres gallinitas, dos tortolitas y una perdiz picando peras del peral. El sexto dà ­a de Navidad, mi amor me mandà ³seis mam gansas, cinco anillos dorados, cuatro pajaritos, tres gallinitas, dos tortolitas y una perdiz picando peras del peral. El sà ©ptimo dà ­a de Navidad, mi amor me mandà ³siete cisnitos, seis mam gansas, cinco anillos dorados, cuatro pajaritos, tres gallinitas, dos tortolitas y una perdiz picando peras del peral. El octavo dà ­a de Navidad, mi amor me mandà ³ocho lecheritas, siete cisnitos, seis mam gansas, cinco anillos dorados, cuatro pajaritos, tres gallinitas, dos tortolitas y una perdiz picando peras del peral. El noveno dà ­a de Navidad, mi amor me mandà ³nueve bailarinas, ocho lecheritas, siete cisnitos, seis mam gansas, cinco anillos dorados, cuatro pajaritos, tres gallinitas, dos tortolitas y una perdiz picando peras del peral. El dà ©cimo dà ­a de Navidad, mi amor me mandà ³diez seà ±ores saltando, nueve bailarinas, ocho lecheritas, siete cisnitos, seis mam gansas, cinco anillos dorados, cuatro pajaritos, tres gallinitas, dos tortolitas y una perdiz picando peras del peral. El undà ©cimo dà ­a de Navidad, mi amor me mandà ³once gaiteritos, diez seà ±ores saltando, nueve bailarinas, ocho lecheritas, siete cisnitos, seis mam gansas, cinco anillos dorados, cuatro pajaritos, tres gallinitas, dos tortolitas y una perdiz picando peras del peral. El duodà ©cimo dà ­a de Navidad, mi amor me mandà ³doce tamborileros, once gaiteritos, diez seà ±ores saltando, nueve bailarinas, ocho lecheritas, siete cisnitos, seis mam gansas, cinco anillos dorados, cuatro pajaritos, tres gallinitas, dos tortolitas y una perdiz picando peras del peral. Grammar and Vocabulary Notes Primer, segundo, tercer, etc.:  These are the words for  first, second, third, etc.  Primer  is a  shortened form  of  primero, and  tercer  is a shortened form of  tercero. They are shortened in this manner when appearing before a singular masculine noun. The forms used here for 11th and 12th are not common in spoken in Spanish. Dà ­a:  Dà ­a, meaning day, is an  exception  to the rule that nouns ending in  -a  are masculine. Navidad: This word can refer not only to Christmas Day but also to the season in general. Amor:  This is the word for love. It can refer not only to the emotion, but also to a person such as a sweetheart. It is related to the verb  amar. The noun  remains masculine even when it refers to a girl or woman. Mandà ³:  Mandà ³Ã‚  is a past-tense form of  mandar, which most often means to mandate or to order, but in this case means to send. Perdiz:  A partridge or ptarmigan. Picando:  This is  present participle  of  picar, which can mean to bite or to peck at. So a literal translation of this line would be a partridge pecking at pears of the pear tree. Note that here  the present participle functions as an adjective. In standard Spanish, the present participle acts as an adverb, but adjectival use such as this is sometimes used in poetry, journalistic writing, and translations from English. Pera, peral:  Pear, pear tree. The  suffix  -al  often refers to a tree or grove of trees. For example, an orange is a  naranja, while an orange grove is a  naranjal. Tortolita:  A name for numerous types of doves and related birds. Tortolita is a diminutive form of tà ³rtola, which can also refer to a turtledove. Diminutives such as this, while common in childrens music and literature, are not used extensively in serious contexts. Gallinita:  A  diminutive  form of  gallina, meaning hen.  Ã‚  A rooster is a  gallo. Pajarito:  A  diminutive  form of  pjaro, meaning bird. This could be translated as birdie. Anillo:  A ring. Dorado:  Golden. The word comes from ​dorar.  a verb that means to coat something with gold or to turn something brown. The word for gold is oro. Mam gansas:  About the only place youll find this phrase in Spanish is in this song - it means mother geese, but you normally wouldnt say it this way (one way would be  gansas madre).  Mam Gansa  and  Mam Ganso, however, are common ways of translating Mother Goose. Cisnito:  A  diminutive  form of  cisne, swan. Lecherita:  A  lechera  is a female who works with milk, usually someone who sells milk, but in context it could be one who milks cows.  Lecherita  is a  diminutive  form. Bailarina:  A female dancer, frequently referring to a ballet dancer. It is derived from bailar, the verb meaning to dance. Seà ±or:  Although this word is often used nowadays as a courtesy title translated as Mr., it can also refer to a lord.   Saltando:  The  present participle  of  saltar, to jump. Gaiterito:  A  diminutive  form of  gaitero, a piper. The related word gaita can refer to instruments such as flutes and bagpipes. Tamborilero:  A drummer. The related words tambor and tambora can also be used to refer to drums and drummers.

Teacher Education in TESOL (Master's Level) Research Paper

Teacher Education in TESOL (Master's Level) - Research Paper Example 19). Teacher development is the development of a sense of the strengths and weaknesses in a teacher so that the increased self-awareness resulting from the process helps the teacher identify better ways to teach others. Training and education are both the means of development of a teacher. How is second language teacher training different from teacher training in other disciplines? Second language teacher training differs from training of teachers in other disciplines in that it imparts a need for the teacher to study and develop compatibility with different cultural factors that drive the students’ tendency to learn second language, language being intrinsically and integrally linked with culture whereas training in other subjects is not constrained by cultural differences. Teacher training in other disciplines is primarily about developing the expertise of the teacher in the technical aspects of the subject e.g. lab work training for such subjects as physics and chemistry, an d training of software and programming for the subject of computer. On the contrary, training of teachers in the teaching of second language is more about reaching out to the students both individually and collectively so as to understand the barriers they face in developing their competence in the second language. One aspect of teacher training in the subject of second language teaching could be planning and designing of lecture in such a way that it includes activities and exercises aimed at individually targeting the barriers of students in learning the second language, respecting the time constraints of the lecture. 2. Summary of teacher training history and the main theories on teacher training. The history of teacher training varies from one country to another, yet one common and very favorable improvement that has occurred over the years is increased use of ICT and advanced technology in the teacher training. The training of primary school teachers dates back to the late Vict orian period when it commenced almost by an accident after the Kindergarten school was established in the year 1882 (Randall, 2007). Bedford was families’ choice because of the availability of high quality of education. The Training College was established originally with only five students and continued to remain at the site for more than 70 years. The Bedford students followed Friedrich Froebel’s progressive model of training. The system gradually became more developed and advanced. Likewise, the only teaching requirements in the colonial period in America were mediocre learning and low pay. Teacher training began during the 1820s and 1830s in academies that were equal to the contemporary secondary schools (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2011). †¦..and the main theories on teacher training. Ethical theories primarily apply in teacher training. â€Å"We believe that some teaching of ethical theory – the teaching of the ways we can distinguish right from wrong, good from bad - is necessary in ethics courses, but we suggest a modest, not a major role for theory† (Bowden and Smythe, 2008, p. 23). Since unethical behavior is identifiable, students and teachers can individually assess their actions’ rightness or wrongness. Training of the teachers of second language describes the teacher’s notion as a reflective practitioner, that is an individual who reflects on the professional practices with a view to