Venturi house vs the Villa Mairea Essay -- Essays Papers

Venturi house vs the Villa Mairea Comparing the Venturi house vs. the Villa Maireas relationship to Orthodox Modernism, both Aalto and Venturi rejected the perceived sterility of Orthodox Modern buildings. This rejection led to the teaching of Post-Modernism in architecture. Both of these architects believed that Orthodox Modernist ultimately produced designs consisting of glass or white boxes and a desensitization for the human scale and form. The idea of Modernism, that form follows function, is defied by Venturi. He asserts that the form should be separate from both the function and the structural facts. He felt that decorative and symbolic forms should both play a part in the structural core of a building.Venturi built a home for his mother Vanna Venturi in 1963. The Venturi home is located in Chestnut Hill, PA. Venturi based the plan on a symbolic conception instead of on spatial abstraction, which he considered to be an aspect of Orthodox Modernism1. This design for his mother had a sloped roof, with the chimney becoming the center of the house. It rises up out of the roof and seems to split the house in two. It has a deliberate deadpan character. But this apparent blandness, hides the many inwrought complexities and contradictions of the home. This is a house that uses big and small, inside and out to counterbalance the complexity2. Complexity in combination with big scale in a small buildings achieves an confiscate architectural tension. The...

the pianist :: essays research papers

The Pianist is a film directed by Roman Polanski and based around the life of Wladyslaw Szpilman during the Nazi onslaught of Poland. Roman used visual techniques in the opening ikons such as black and white film, camera positioning and motifs to create an atmosphere for the audience. The first guessing in the film is a montage of grainy black and white scenes of Polish life before the Nazi invasion on Poland. The footage shows a date world with old English style building and technology, people are shown walking about the town in aged clothing. The grainy dated face of the film in any case makes the scenes appear gloomy but relaxed at the same age. These images are used to drive the notion that it is set in a time long ago, in a different era. This scene is a critical part in the film as it refines the time and emotion, in which the film is set, so the audience can relate bettor to the addresss and what is happening to them.Wladyslaw Szpilman is shown in almost every scene a t the beginning of the film. This helps us get a better understanding of Szpilman as we can see how he reacts to the situations he gets placed in. When the Szpilman family got notices of rules they would react to the situation and do what they could. Most of the time Wladyslaw was shown in the centre of the scene and things would happen around him. This shows us that Wladyslaw was strong willed and single minded as he resisted the controls of the Nazi. He does not want to leave his home during the invasion which also tells us that he was a dedicated to is country and would not give in that easily to the Nazis. These scenes are important as the show Wladyslaws character in depth.Midshots are used through out the most of the opening scenes in the film. Roman used this type of shot while the family was packing up to move out of Warsaw, listening to the radio, and arguing about what to do with the valuables. These shots were used for those scenes as it gives the audience a wide shot of what is going on in the current vicinity. It is able to show how the entire family reacts to the events that are taking place. It also allows the audience to see the expressions and emotions of the characters during the harsh and difficult times.

Are We Illiterate Essay -- Essays Papers

Are We IlliterateLiteracy throughout history has been defined and redefined nearly as rapidly as bran-new generations emerge. As we tread into the twenty first century, our generation moves to redefine literacy once again. However, unlike generations past, we are taking literacy and rapidly spanning it over new mediums that had been, until recently, unavailable. Advances in technology within the past twenty years have been so immense that the human race has literally packed up centuries of research, data, history and otherwise information and moved it into the digital world, spawning a new necessity to have a general working knowledge of computing technologies. Mainstream society as a whole has concluded and accepted that in the twenty first century use of computers and application software will dictate most aspects of everyday life, whence all but requiring the citizen of the new millennium to be literate in at least the most basic of computing technologies.In its earliest forms literacy was purely the processes of interpreting symbols or hieroglyphics. Many ancient writings have been recovered and interpreted, undisputedly proving that literacy has, in some form, always existed. As time passed new forms of language and literature surfaced and literacy became known as the ability to read and write.1 Or, more specifically, ones ability to convey ones thoughts onto a medium understood by others. At first these mediums took the form of nearly anything mankind has used anything from rocks to canvas. Eventually, with inventions such as the printing press, the mediums used by community became standardized and the definition of literacy was in no need of revision.With the onslaught of technology brought on by the twentieth century, society began to accept new mediums over which to behave themselves. Multimedia, the use of several different forms of media, has been becoming commonplace in everyday life since the advent of the internet, a world-wide conglomeratio n of computers networked together via telephone lines, optical wires, and broadcast connections (among other forms of digital communication). Content of seemingly boundless quantities is available in nearly every household in the US thanks to the so-called culture Super Highway. To capitalize on such a useful resource requires that people of all ages be able to knowingly operate the appli... ...be productive to be literate, as a person who understands the use of an application used for browsing the internet may also be literate while remaining totally unproductive.Furthermore, if one was to separate, in a fittingly binary manor, the computer literate from the illiterate, who is to say which group is better off? Obviously being computer literate in the early twenty first century is not completely necessary, however, if ratios of computer literate to illiterate increase at so much as half the rate they have in the past twenty years it will not take long before society has firmly a nd implicitly declared that being computer literate is a necessity of everyday life. Will we ever see a time when those who are computer illiterate will be looked upon by the literate as ignorant, just as those who can not read are looked upon today? Perhaps it will be a generation not far in the future that decides that literate is ready to be redefined.BibliographyWebsters II New Riverside Dictionary, (c)1978 Houghton Mifflin Co.Ask.com, (c) 1995-2000 CNET Networks, Inc. College of Education, University of Houston http//www.coe.uh.edu/insite/elec_pub/html1995/092.htm

The History of the Coffeehouse :: essays research papers

The first umberhouse the world had ever seen was founded in Constantinople, just becoming Istanbul in 1475. It was such a huge success that expert after it kick ined, two more appeared. So began a fascination with coffee that would last 300 more years. The reason the first coffeehouse did not open in, say, England, was location. Since Turkey was only a quick sail away from the original brewer of coffee, Arabia, traders could get the coffee to the city with minimal effort. The Europeans were completely out of the coffee trading loop until coffee began to make its way into the hands of Venetian traders, leading the Italians to be the first Europeans to found coffeehouses. Slowly, coffeehouses came to open in England as well, the first opening in 1652. However, there was still the problem of transporting all in all that coffee from Turkey or the Middle East, a costly business. This problem was work out when the Turks, defeated in battle, left sacks upon sacks of the flavorful beans behind in parts of Europe. This created an abundance of coffee houses in Vienna, where there was large amounts of this left-behind coffee. Eventually, the storehouses began to run low on coffee, now very much in demand with the Europeans. You may be wondering, why didnt they just grow some coffee? First of all, the merchants who sell the beans knew this, and sold the beans in non growing conditions (such as already ground up.) Secondly, people did try to grow coffee- but on European soil, the beans that were operative floundered and died. If they managed to get usable coffee beans at all, (it was illegal to get them) you wouldnt have nearly enough to support even the smallest coffeehouse for a week. The Dutch trading companies knew all this, but they came up with a new, radical notion- why not get some beans, but grow them not in Europe but in the East Indies So the Dutch smuggled a small amount of un ground or processed coffee beans out of the Arabian port of Mocha, then shipped them to Ceylon and the East Indies for cultivation. 30 years later, a French naval officer named Gabriel De Clieu sailed for the Caribbean island of Martinique. When he arrived, he happened to be carrying some un cultivated coffee beans. (Well never grapple how those got there.) He casually sold it to the locals, unwittingly starting one of the worlds largest coffee producers.

Atmosphere through Detailed Language in Snow Falling On Cedars :: Snow Falling Cedars Essays

Atmosphither through Detailed Language in nose candy Falling On Cedars      Snow Falling On Cedars, by David Guterson, is an emotional study. The death of a fisherman, Carl Heine, on San Piedro Island, turns into a murder trial for Japanese American, Kabuo Miyamoto. in any case an inter-racial childhood romance between Ishmael Chambers and Hatsue Miyamoto shifts back and forth in time and the World War II Japanese Internment story unfolds as part of the romance. David Guterson creates atmosphere in the opening chapters through detailed language. The story is set on a pacific island where society is very small and the fishing community is very important to islanders. Guterson uses the sea, weather and landscape to describe many features in the opening chapters this creates links between the setting and story. The use of flashbacks creates an arouse aspect to the novel. Guterson introduces the characters in very detailed portraits this enables the reader to h ave a clear identity of each one. Tension is created in the courtroom through disfavor language and Guterson creates an atmospheric feeling to all court scenes. Kabuo Miyamoto is described as a criminal from the beginning of the murder trial already the reader gets the photo that he is guilty for murdering Carl Heine. .his stillness suggested a disdain for the proceedings, this shows how Kabuo is feeling a dislike towards the trial, and creates a static atmosphere for the trial ahead. Kabuo also shows that he has no respect for the court as, .he sat proudly upright with a rigid grace, and he does not acknowledge anything that is going on, did not face moved at all. Throughout the detailed description of the opening court room scene we can see that the atmosphere is very tense, and creates a feeling of suffocation, It was a place of gray-hued and bleak simplicity. Kabuo Miyamoto comes across to the reader as a sensitive individual who is taking this murder trial in his stride. Da vid Guterson shows that Kabuo was depressed whilst, been exhiled in the county jail for seventy seven days - the last part of September, all of October and all of November, the first week in December, here Guterson lengthens the description of how long he was in jail for and creates a sense of boredom for Kabuo. The weather and sea descriptions that Guterson uses to represent and describe many scenes, are prerequisite as they represent the San Piedro way of life.

Atmosphere through Detailed Language in Snow Falling On Cedars :: Snow Falling Cedars Essays

Atmosphere through Detailed Language in Snow Falling On Cedars      Snow Falling On Cedars, by David Guterson, is an emotional story. The death of a fisherman, Carl Heine, on San Piedro Island, turns into a murder trial for Japanese American, Kabuo Miyamoto. Also an inter-racial childhood coquet between Ishmael Chambers and Hatsue Miyamoto shifts back and forth in time and the World War II Japanese Internment story unfolds as give out of the romance. David Guterson creates atmosphere in the opening chapters through detailed language. The story is set on a pacific island where society is very small and the fishing club is very important to islanders. Guterson uses the sea, weather and landscape to describe many features in the opening chapters this creates links between the setting and story. The use of flashbacks creates an interesting aspect to the novel. Guterson introduces the characters in very detailed portraits this enables the reader to have a clear id entity of each one. Tension is created in the courtroom through prejudice language and Guterson creates an atmospherical feeling to all court scenes. Kabuo Miyamoto is described as a criminal from the beginning of the murder trial already the reader gets the impression that he is inculpative for murdering Carl Heine. .his stillness suggested a disdain for the proceedings, this shows how Kabuo is feeling a dislike towards the trial, and creates a static atmosphere for the trial ahead. Kabuo also shows that he has no prize for the court as, .he sat proudly upright with a rigid grace, and he does not acknowledge anything that is going on, did not appear moved at all. Throughout the detailed description of the opening court room scene we can see that the atmosphere is very tense, and creates a feeling of suffocation, It was a place of gray-hued and bleak simplicity. Kabuo Miyamoto comes across to the reader as a sensitive individual who is taking this murder trial in his stride. Davi d Guterson shows that Kabuo was depressed whilst, been exhiled in the county jail for seventy seven days - the last part of September, all of October and all of November, the first week in December, here Guterson lengthens the description of how colossal he was in jail for and creates a sense of boredom for Kabuo. The weather and sea descriptions that Guterson uses to match and describe many scenes, are essential as they represent the San Piedro way of life.

Bureau of Jails Study-Mental Health

Explain what a DSM-IV manual is, and how it was used in the Bureau of Justice (BJS) study? The abbreviation DSM-IV refers to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of psychogenic Disorders, 4th edition. It was used in the BJS study to attain the baseline against which symptoms of kind infirmity in the study would be evaluated ( crowd & Glaze, 2006). 2. What percentage of inmates in the federal prisons has mental untowardness problems? How does that number comp ar with inmates who are in local jails and state prisons?How do these percentages (about mental illness) compare with non-incarcerated stack in the USA? According to James & Glaze, 45% of federal inmates have mental illness problems, as opposed to 64% in local jails and 56% in state prisons. In comparison, non-incarcerated people in the USA over the age of 18 have an 11% rate of mental illness. 3. What type of mental illness is most prevalent among prison and jail inmates? What symptoms would a person exhibit with this ty pe of mental illness?Among prison and jail inmates, major depression is the most prevalent mental illness, characterized by extreme anger, inability to sleep or excessive sleeping (James & Glaze, 2006). 4. Discuss the prevalence of mental illness as it relates to gender and race among incarcerated adults. Overall, gibe to James & Glaze, white females have the highest instances of mental illness among incarcerated adults. 5. Discuss how substance abuse relates to the prevalence of mental illness among incarcerated adults. Substance abuse plays a give away role in the prevalence of mental illness among incarcerated adults.In fact, there is a strong link between mental illness and the abuse of illegal drugs and bust drinking in the prison population. Additionally, those who came from families where substance abuse was commonplace were more likely to abuse substances and suffer the accompanying ill effects of that dangerous and much illegal behavior (James & Glaze, 2006). 6. What i nformation from the study did you find most interesting? Most interesting in the study was the linking of incarcerated adults and the problems that most likely contributed to their fate, such as mental illness, substance abuse and the like.Showing these associations makes it possible to attempt to address issues with individuals before they become prisoners. 7. What information learned in the study related to family members of incarcerated offenders? It would seem that immurement runs in families for example, the study cites the finding that the family members of incarcerated offenders are much more likely to have been or to become incarcerated themselves, as well as much more likely to be involved with substance abuse (James & Glaze, 2006).8. Discuss what the study revealed about crimes being committed while the offender was on drugs. It would seem patent that being on drugs would lead to the kind of impaired judgment and suppression of conscience that leads to the commission of crimes, but there requires more solid proof to establish this link, which is why the study was cited for an answer to this question.According to James & Glaze, 37% of state prison inmates who had a mental health problem said they had used drugs at the sentence of their offense, compared to 26% of state prisoners without a mental health problem. Also, 34% of local inmates who had a mental health problem said they had used drugs at the eon of their offense compared to 20% of local inmates who did not have a mental health problem. 9. Explain what the BJS study found about the prevalence of mentally ill inmates being repeat offenders when compared with non-mentally ill inmates.Lastly, James & Glazes findings about the prevalence of mentally ill inmates and repeat offenses as opposed to the non-mentally ill are discussed. In the local jails, 32% of repeat offenders had mental problems as opposed to 22% recidivism among the non-mentally ill. Works Cited James, Doris J. & Glaze, Lauren E. (2006). Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates. Washington, DC coupled States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.

Race-Based Jury Nullification Essay

Internet research intelligibly showed a long history for instrument panel override in the US. An explanation of jury nullification, and in particular step on it establish jury nullification, is that it is a method whereby juries nullify unfair laws by declaring guilty defendants non guilty. Race based nullification is where a jury acquits and individual based on their race. This is commonly found in consistent juries where in that location is little jury diversity. Past cases such as frolic slave laws and current cases such as police shootings show that race-based nullification is still an issue in modern courtrooms. The conclusion being that jury nullification is an important designer necessary for the checks and balances of the judicial system control panel nullification is a reclaim enjoyed, but not understood, by all jurors in the US. This right gives jurors the ability to interpret laws for themselves and return not-guilty verdicts for guilty defendants allowing them to nullify laws. (Emal, 1995) The most common admonishment by judges is that jurors must decide the case based on facts, and that they are not in fact interpreting the fairness of laws. The fear is that if jurors knew or understood this situation, it could undermine the authority of the US judicial system. Allowing juries to interpret laws is in fact a right given as a foil against a too powerful central government.Historically there is a redoubted precedent for jury nullification much of it involving race. In the North pre-civil war era juries commonly refused to convict runaway slaves because they felt that the law was unfair. This was an example of jury nullification, where the jury was aware that the defendant was guilty, but refused to return a guilty verdict, in effect nullifying the law. (Emal, 1995) More recently in the 1930s many courts refused strong belief for minor alcohol infractions because they felt the law was unfair. some other example of this trend were the ci vil rights trials of white supremacists in the south in the 50s and 60s in these cases all white juries would refuse to convict white defendants of the murder of bootlegpeople or civil rights workers. (Emal, 1995)These cases clearly show that there take a shit been many examples of jury nullification in the past in our country. Since a return of a not guilty verdict allows the jury to efficaciously end prosecution with no appeal allowed by the state it agency that juries actually devote final say near when and if a law is utilized. This allows juries the power to actually use their conscience when voting to convict or release a defendant. One possible outcome of jury nullification is the possibility of a major increase in hung juries.Race has figured in many instances of jury nullification so there is a clear precedent for race based jury nullification. (Emal, 1995) Recently all white juries have refused to convict white police officers in wrongful shooting trials where the vi ctim was black. Also black juries have refused to convict clearly guilty defendants of crimes on the grounds that there are too many black people in prison already. (Butler, 1995) Another possible reason for jury nullification is to punish prosecutors and police for tactics, which the jurors find unpalatable.Many people recently felt that the O.J. Simpson trial was race based jury nullification similarly the Rodney King trial would be an example. In both of these cases many people felt that the individual was guilty but that they were released because of their race. Some states have proposed that juries should have racial quotas in order to avoid possible race based nullification. In this system jurors who should be excused could be kept even so if they were unsatisfactory if they fit some particular racial need. These attempts to eliminate jury nullification point to the seriousness with which this power is viewed.Some black lawmakers have verbalise that since a jury is represent ative of a community then jurors should have the right to decide which people they will allow to live among them. (Butler, 1995) This basically means that jurors exercise their power based on conscience and not based on the facts of the case. This means that black juries would acquit non-violent black defendants even in cases where they were clearly guilty to nullify the effects of a predominantly white judicial system. The belief here is that the laws areinherently unfair because they were created by and for white people. (Butler, 1995) clear there is a place for jury nullification in the US. There has been a long history of unfair laws and practices in the country and allowing the jury the power to overturn or nullify them is a good way to keep the government in check. (Jones, 2004) The received question is more about race-based nullification. Should race be a factor when juries consider nullification as an option? The declaration to this is complicated if a jury really feels th at a defendant was targeted unfairly based on race shouldnt they have some power to affect the trial. (Butler, 1995) Also without a complete revamping of the legal system (scary thought) how would one go about fixing the problem? Can nullification be eliminated with our current system?The idea is to really re-examine the selection process. With nullification as a real possibility then prosecutors can act to eliminate it by paying more attention to homogeneity during the selection process. Any prosecutor who allows a homogenous jury runs a real risk of losing the case based on nullification. Also race based jury nullification has been a useful weapon in the past. (Jones, 2004) If not for northern juries how many runaway slaves would have been returned to torture and beatings in the south. In this case we had a manifestly unfair law which juries exercised a legitimate nullification against.Overall race based jury nullification is a scary sentiment when taken to the extreme but it is a prospect that bears some consideration. Since it has been used righteously in the past it is a hard decision to contemplate getting rid of it. If there was no jury nullification of any kind then the country would have missed out on juries taking a stand against poorly thought out laws. The answer is that jury nullification has played a dual roll in our history. At times it is a useful tool as in the cases involving thraldom or differential prosecution, at times allowing racists to go free. So having weighed the merits of the situation it is best left as is currently. There is a real risk for employ if everyone were aware of thepower but in its absence the government would exercise too much power unbalanced by the power of the people.The conclusion would have to be that there is too much risk in eliminating jury nullification as a whole. Race based nullification is probably not necessary and would be nice to eliminate but there is no effective way to combat this. One possibility mentioned earlier is for prosecutors to consider nullification during the selection process to help combat this problem.ReferencesButler, Paul. (1998). Racially Based Jury Nullification Black Power in the CriminalJustice System. Yale Law Review, 105, 677-725.Emal, Russ. (1995). Jury Nullification Why You Should Know What It Is. Retrieved on11/21/04 from http//www.greenmac.com/eagle/ISSUES/ISSUE23- /07JuryNullification.htmlJones Iloilo Marguerit. (2004). American Juror. Retrieved on 11/21/04 fromhttp//www.fffija.org

Importance of Accountability Essay

Accountability encompasses the procedures and processes by which one party justifies and takes responsibility for its activities such as for achieving various organisational goals (Lippincott Nursing Center, 2009). When a patient goes enters an office, they shake already set their standards and expectations to the highest standards. From the first hello to the introduction to their provider, every action is being measured. The employees leave behind be held responsible if the patient isnt checked in a timely direction their insurance information is not entered quickly or accurately. The medical assistant has to apply their patients roomed in a timely manner, check vitals and enter vitals and record medications correctly. If any of these steps atomic number 18 not completed appropriately, that individual will be held accountable. Accountability is an anchor in any business, but it is crucial to the health rush industry. In this paper I will identify what it means to be held acc ountable and tools to measure business.Why is accountability important in the health c are industry. Patients rely on the accountability and knowledge of their providers. This attribute is important because their health is in the custody of these individuals. This responsibility does not stop with the providers, but it is also relevant for other staff ingredients involved in the care of the patients. Patients expect their care to be handled appropriately and efficiently. In order for the system to work accordingly, employees need to be held accountable for their actions. If employees are not consistently doing what it takes to provide excellent client service, accountability is not being enforced, and employees create risk for the company. By not following through on task or responsibilities patients begin to question the believability of the company, and they begin to want someone to be held accountable for the deficienciesthat welcome occurred. How is an employees accountabil ity measured in the health care industry.As a attraction, my accountability is measured by the outcome of my staff and the productivity of my staff. Standards that are measured may be, are my patients being roomed in a timely manner, are at that place mistakes being made by my front office when entering information. Are my providers up to date on their requirements such as CMEs (continued medical education)? Are my OSHA and HIPAA manuals online? Do I have a fire escape plan posted and did we practice drills? Are charges being entered in a timely manner? These are certain aspects of my job that are tangible and some that are intangible that assessed and that I will be held accountable for if they do not gain the set standard. Staff accountability is measured through observation and yearly reviews, unless action is required sooner such corrective action measures.Patients also have the opportunity to send feedback through patient surveys and direct contact the leadership team. Appl ying ethical considerations in leadership and management. Ethics plays a large role in the different facets of healthcare. By not practicing ethical behavior, this creates room for error in the workplace. By teaching ethical behavior and exemplifying it as a leader youre giving your employees the necessary tools to practice accountability and reliability. By incorporating this practice into the culture of your office, this leads to productivity and equips your staff to stand by behind their actions because they believe in them. By establishing this culture, it paves the path for accountable behavior. Culture change requires committed leadership. Inadequate or inappropriate leadership has been identified as a key calculate when attempts to change culture fail (Lippincott Nursing Center, 2009).Checks and Balances in a successful organization.In a successful organization, checks and balances are created and implemented to ensure that the companys success continues. Without checks and balances, the company is unable to quantify or identify the origin of its problems or how to go about correcting the situation. Without checks and balances, this leaves room for errors, which may lead to lawsuits or sickish patients. For example by not providing your staff with mandated cleaning schedules, you are susceptible to infections among your patients. By requiring logs and assignments, you can then hold someone accountable if such tasks have notbeen completed. By identifying what process is needed and the specific outcome, employees tend to be compliant and complete their expected work. By knowing the consequences of not completing their work, they are made aware that they will be held accountable and in what way. How does accountability affect an organizations working culture? health care providers are constantly striving to improve quality and efficiency by using performance management systems and quality improvement initiatives. Creating and maintaining a culture of acc ountability are essential for achieving this end because accountability is the reason for measuring and improving performance (Lippincott Nursing Center, 2009). How can you maintain a positive working culture and avoid a working culture of blame. In a leadership role, it is important to be the example of what you want within your organization. By doing so, you are developing a culture of respect without direct blame. Teach your staff how to identify the problem, how to avoid it and more importantly not to place blame. A responsible staff member will acknowledge their mistakes and make the effort to correct them.This attitude decreases the culture of blame. For example, my staff member made a mistake, and instead of pulling her into my office and placing altogether the blame on her my first question is Why are you in here? By approaching mistakes this way, you are putting the control back into the hands of the employee/staff member. This provides the opportunity to dissect their be havior and tell me why it occurred. In the end, there is no blame, but questions, which lead to answers, that result in the process of avoiding the equivalent mistake.This approach negates cultural blame. In conclusion, accountability is a very productive tool in healthcare. By providing expectations for your employees they understand why and what it means to be accountable. In leadership exemplify what it means to hold yourself accountable and mirror that image for your employees. Patients depend on a culture that practices accountability and also believes in it. tear to a set of standards, believe in them and practice those beliefs.ReferencesLippincott Nursing Center. (2009, April). Creating a Culture of Accountability in Health Care. Retrieved from http//www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/static?pageid=935642 NY Times Freudenheim. (1991, February 19). Business and Health Accountability InHealth Care NYTimes.com. Retrieved from http//www.nytimes.com/1991/02/19/business/business-and-he alth-accountability-in-health-care.html

Principles on which vicarious liability is based Essay

The doctrine of vicarious liability is based on principles which can be summed up in the following two maxims (a) Qui facit per alium facit per se - The maxim means, he who modus operandis through another is deemed in deemed in law as doing it himself. The masters responsibility for the servants act had in addition its origins in this principle. The reasoning is that a person who puts another in his place to do a class of acts in his absence, necessarily leaves to determine, according to the circumstances that arise, when an act of that class is to be through with(p) and trust him for the manner in which it is through consequently he is answerable for the wrong of the person so entrusted either in the manner of doing such an act, or in doing such an act under circumstances in which it ought not to have been done provided what is done is not done from some(prenominal) caprice of the servant but in the course of the employment.(b) Respondeat superior - Another maxim usually refer red to in this connection is respondeat superior, i.e., the superior must be responsible or let the principal be likely. In such cases not only he who obeys but also he who commands becomes equally liable. This predominate has its origin in the legal presumption that all acts done by the servant in and about his masters business are done by his masters express or implied authority and are, in truth, the act of the master. The master is answerable for every such wrong of the servant as is committed in the course of his service, though no express command or privity is proved. Similarly, a principal and agent are jointly and severally liable as joint wrong-doers for any tort authorised by the former and committed by the latter.(c) Modern view - In recent times, however, the doctrine of vicarious liability is justified on the principle other than that embodied in the above-mentioned maxims. It is now believed that the underlying idea of this doctrine is that of expediency and public p olicy. Salmond has justly remarked in this connection that there is one idea which is found in the judgements from the time of Sir John Holt to that of Lord Goddard, namely, public policy.The view of Lord Pearce can be quoted here with approval, which he expressed in Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd v. Shatwell The doctrine of vicarious liability has not grown from any very clear, logical or legal principle but from social convenience and rough justice. The master having (presumably for his own benefit) employed the servants, and being (presumably) better able to make good any damage which may occasionally result from the arrangement, is answerable to the world at large for all torts committed by his servant within the scope of it. In the words of Winfield, this may not satisfy the jurist or the logician, but it probably represents the prevailing stage of legal opinion on the matter and though the future may bring further extensions of vicarious liability, it is inconceivable that a serious proposal for its abolition will be made so presbyopic as the law of tort as we know it remains alive.1View as multi-pages

What Does the Concept of Dignity mean to Stevens?

Stevens is a unique character whose life evolves solely around his profession and how he can both(prenominal) maintain his dignity and become recognised through his work. The concept of dignity has ruled his entire life and he believes it his duty to remain dignified in all circumstances in exhibition to be classed as a great butler. His metaphorical journey just reveals that in trying to execute this, he has lost the vital element which essential be sustained in life, forgiving warmth.Stevens defines dignity as, Something one can meaningfully strive for end-to-end ones c arer, compared to Mr Grahams views that dignity is something one possesses, which seems more(prenominal) reasonable from the readers point of view. The critic Richard Locke asks what dignity there is in not making ones proclaim mistakes and refers to the consequent aggrieve and remorse that follows, saying such rueful wisdom much be retrospective. This certainly explains Stevens unemotional behaviour in h is mission to attain dignity because he has since regretted not making his own mistakes and living life to the fullest.Instead, he delicately portrays his Fathers views, who was indeed the embodiment of dignity, because he is not able to conceive his own opinions having followed Lord Darlingtons orders all his life. Furthermore, Stevens has incorporated the Hayes Society perspectives of dignity and related them to that of his puzzle stating that he had, Dignity in keeping with his position, again proving that he can not form his own views and has again had to use someone elses.Stevens is so concerned with dignity and yet his misinterpretation of it, together with the emphasis his father put on it, has left him unable to calculate his own ideas on what dignity actually is and has thus naively lead him into an empty life. It is his fathers stress on the tiger anecdote that has in my view confused Stevens, the idea being that a butler resorts to dramatic lengths to ensure that no disc ernible traces of the tiger are left.It is the fact that his father knew instinctively that somewhere in this story lay the kernel of what aline dignity is, and Stevens does not, but yet continues to follow his fathers perspectives because he considers him a great butler. Everyone is motivated by aspirations to climb higher, and Stevens ultimate goal is to be ac associationd as a great butler. He feels he comes significantly closer to his quest at a conference Lord Darlington, holds for the most important delegates in Europe.At the conference he believes that he is heavily relied upon to oil the friction between the delegates from different countries by ensuring that the guests have nothing whatsoever to complain about. Whilst the delegates attend these various conferences, Stevens father is very ill, however Stevens is more leading to return to work than attend to his sick father who is the only family Stevens has left. There has al ways been a cold relationship between the two, both of them only conversing over professional issues, and Stevens respects his father not for being a dandy father but a good butler.As Stevens is necessitous of judgment he can only judge others based on their dignity and we see how important Stevens views on dignity are because it defies how he interacts and relates with others. not only does he describes his father as dark and severe, which is dignity personified, he refers to him in the third person, I hope father is feeling weaken now. His lack of emotion proves to the reader how empty Stevens is, and in order for him to fill this emptiness, Stevens primarily concerns himself with dignity.Despite his father always being detached, he ironi plowy asks, turn in I been a good father? However, Stevens coldly dismisses his gesture, and in doing this, he loses any chance of a positive relationship with his remaining family. Furthermore, it is his arrogant ignoring of Mr cardinal grosbeak who tells him of Lord Darlingtons wron g attitude to the Nazis and of Miss Kentons attempts to give him one last chance to propose, that severely damaged his chances of becoming a great person and indeed a great butler.However, he ironically recalls this experience with a large sense of triumph, and consequently dismisses any hope of happiness as he is prepared to place professionalism before relationships. Stevens is also unable to communicate to the reader his true intentions for undertaking the excursion, stating that he wishes to improve the current staff designing however the reader perceives that he wants to go through Miss Kenton, and hence becomes an unreliable narrator, always placing a professional spin on everything. He believes that he is respected for his dignity, and thus judges others on how dignified they are.Dignity means everything to Stevens, it being all he has and hence his profession becomes his life, unable to even call holiday clothes by their true name but instead a costume. A costume implies a disguise worn to hide the true person underneath thus stating that Stevens is not the person to undertake holidays as it distracts him from his work. Another significant point demonstrating Stevens unreliability is his relationship with former employer Lord Darlington. Everyone must feel good about themselves in order to remain optimistic in life and Stevens accomplishes this by feeling good about being a good butler working for a good master.Despite dedicating the best years of his life to Lord Darlington, Stevens is then quick to deny any knowledge of his former employer once we hear of his connections with the Nazis in World War Two. At Mortimers Pond significantly halfway through the novel, another butler of a lesser stature than himself attends to his car and he asks if he actually worked for Lord Darlington, to which Stevens replies, Oh no, I am employed by Mr John Farraday. Stevens is viewly misleading about his old relationship with Lord Darlington because of his assoc iations with the Nazis, as the truth would have severely damaged his self-esteem.However, the reader is first given a hint of Stevens unreliability through his deliberate changing of his mind and misinterpretation of events which have occurred. Stevens corrects himself when he recalls passing Miss Kentons room and originally believes that she is crying, however on reflection he realises that it is not cod to the untimely death of her Aunt, but her acceptance to marry Mr Benn, and that her efforts to provoke him into action had gone unnoticed.Miss Kenton asks him Do you want me to stay, giving Stevens the opportunity to defend and tell her how he feels, however he ignores these blatant signs and continues to neglect the forming of relationships in order to protect his reputation. The reality is that he changed his mind about these events in order to shield himself from the painful truth that he is destined to spend the rest of his life alone because he chose dignity above warmth.Ev erything Stevens encounters on his excursion, he relates to his profession. He travels to Mursden, not as a tourist, but an admirer of the famous silver polish, and naively believes that using this has had positive repercussions all over Europe. However, Stevens has again attempted to selfishly pass something off as his own, so that he can feel good and important, helping him to fill the emptiness left from a lack of human warmth and intimacy.Despite Stevens clear longing for a close relationship with anyone, he still feels the urge to place his pride above what really matters. At Mortimers Pond, he refuses to walk around it for fear of dirtying his shoes because no self-respecting butler would allow that to happen and says, My footwear is not such as to permit me easily to walk around the perimeter. Stevens gullibly believes that others really care about how he looks and acts, and he must therefore strive to create a good impression and remain dignified.He sadly also realises tha t in order to qualify as a great butler, he had to work for an employer of proved moral worth, yet he has just disowned any knowledge of working for Lord Darlington when quizzed about it earlier. Realistically, Stevens is living in the past and refuses to change his ways because they have brought him his dignity, and his archaic, well structured English clarifies the fact that he has learnt his English from historical, classical books and not social context or conversations.The mere fact Stevens lives in the past is saddening as life should be full of new experiences, but instead he effectively shields himself behind his profession and exploits it as an excuse to visit new places. His old-fashioned lifestyle furthermore forbids him to look symbolically beyond the develop at Mortimers pond and delve underneath to find the truth, and only when he meets Miss Kenton is he forced to change his perspectives and views on life.His relationship with Miss Kenton has allowed him to modernise his views as he would before judge people on the surface and converse with them on purely professional terms. Although his liaison with Miss Kenton has not altered his perceptions on dignity, he has become cognizant that there is perhaps more to life than work Although the reader may sympathise with Stevens and respect him, his pitiful behaviour is also both extremely noticeable and frustrating.In the unfortunate nonessential concerning the dismissing of the two Jewish maids, Stevens will not admit that he did not stand up for something he knew was wrong. He says, We must not let sentiment creep into our judgement, but ironically it is his higher regard for dignity which has ensured that he avoids sentiment throughout his entire life, and once again the reader becomes aware of Stevens outdated response because he is prepared to place dignity above what is right. Furthermore, he ironically says that dignity is not removing ones clothing in public.Whether he is attempting to banter is left measuredly ambiguous, however what he says is ironic to the reader because he does not remove his clothes in private and maintains his professional parting even in his social life. To remove clothing suggests relaxation and freedom, a characteristic the reader never associates with Stevens because of his overwhelming obsession with dignity which has cost him so much. Stevens views dignity as a tonality to success, living his whole life by it and striving to remain dignified in every single doable circumstance he is subjected to.In his fixation with dignity, he has ultimately committed the deadly sin of pride and has thus condemned himself to a life of emptiness. He is deliberately aiming to aspire to the stature of his father, Stevens believing that he achieved so much acclaim through his dignified manner. However, at the end of the novel, it is left ambiguous whether he will strive to maintain his dignity or seek to change his ways and become more intimate and emotional with people when he discovers that bantering is the key to human warmth.

Chains and Sustainable Development Essay

Those of us who preach the gospel of horticulture with evangelical zeal find the text compelling and convincing. We are regularly possessed by the spirit only to look around and see out colleagues, in other sectors, in country management, or even our elder management doubting, yawning or subtly edging towards the door. We face the implicit query, If agriculture can do such(prenominal) great things, wherefore have they not yet happened? 1 The past decade has been one of agro-pessimism. The promises that agricultural development seem to hold did not materialise.This pessimism seemed to coincide with pessimism about sub-Saharan Africa. Especially for Sub-Saharan Africa the hope was that economic development would be brought about by agricultural development. After the success of the jet revolution in Asia, the hope was that a connatural agricultural miracle would transform African economies. But this hope never materialised, agricultural productivity did not increase much in SSA ( figure 1), and worse, the negative effects of the green revolution in Asia became more apparent, such as pesticide overuse and subsequent pollution. Also in Asia the yield increases tapered off.The sceptics put forward several arguments why agriculture is no longer an engine of growth2. For instance, the liberalisation of the 1990s and greater openness to trade has lead to a lessening in the economic potential difference of the rural sector cheap imported Chinese plastic buckets out compete the locally produced pottery. On the other hand, it does mean cheaper (imported) supplies. With rapid global practiced change and increasingly integrated markets, prices fall faster than yields rise. So, rural incomes fall despite increased productivity if they are net producers3.The integration of rural with urban areas means that healthy young people move out of agriculture, head to town, leaving behind the old, the sick and the dependent. It is often also the men who move to urban areas, le aving women in charge of the farm. This has resulted in the increased sophistication of agricultural markets (and value chains) which excludes traditional smallholders, who are poorly equipped to meet the demanding product specifications and timeliness of delivery required by expanding supermarkets. The natural resource base on which agriculture depends is poor and deteriorating.Productivity growth is therefore increasingly more rugged to achieve. Finally, multiplier effects occur when a change in spending causes a disproportionate change in aggregate demand. Thus an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent. But as gross domestic product rises and the share of agriculture typically decreases, the distrust is how important these multiplier effects are, especially when significant levels of exiguity remain in rural areas, which is the case in middleincome countries.The disappointment with agriculture led som e donor organisations to turn away from agriculture, looking instead to areas that would increase the well-being of poor people, such as health and education. Those organisations that still focused on agriculture, such as the CGIAR, were put under pressure to focus more on reducing poverty, besides increasing agricultural productivity. However, since the beginning of the new century, there seems to be a renewed interest in agriculture.A review of major policy documents5, including the well-publicised Sachs report and the Kofi Annan report, show that agriculture is back on the agenda again. The more or less influential report, however, has been the World Development Report 2008 of the World Bank6. This report argues that growth in the agricultural sector 1 suffers proportionally more to poverty reduction than growth in any other economic sector and that therefore alone, the focus should be on the agricultural sector when achieving to reach MDG 1. A recapitulation of the role of ag riculture in development seems to be required.This policy paper addresses several timely though complex questions First, how can or does agriculture contribute to economic development, and in particular how does it relate to poverty? Second, the agricultural sector has changed considerably in the past decades what are the main drivers of this change? Third, what is the relationship amongst economic or agricultural growth and pro-poor development? Fourth, how does agriculture relate to other sectors in the economy? Fifth, who is included and who is excluded in agriculturaldevelopment, specifically center on small farms? And finally, if agricultural development is indeed important to economic development, then why, despite all the efforts and investments, has this not led to more successes? 2. Agriculture and economic growth This section presents a number of factual observations describing how the agricultural sector changed in terms of productivity, contribution to economic g rowth, and indicating the relevance of the agricultural sector for poverty alleviation in different regions. Background some factsIn the discussion of the role of agriculture in economic development, a leading question is how agriculture contributes to economic growth, and especially to pro-poor growth. There seems to be a paradox in the role of agriculture in economic development. The share of agriculture contributing to GDP is declining over the years (see figure 1). At the same time, the productivity of for instance cereal yields has been increasing (see figure 2). It seems that as agriculture becomes more successful, its importance declines in the overall economy. Of course, other sectors in the economy can be even more successful, such as the Asian Tigers.

Customer Service Review Questions Essay

What argon some innate qualities or characteristics that make people unique?Innate qualities atomic number 18 qualities and characteristics that hotshot is born with and has within them. Some innate qualities that make people unique atomic number 18 race, ethnicity, gender, height, natural hair color, and birth order.What external or social factors affect the way members of a group are seen or perceived?Some external factors that affect the way members are seen the way they dress, talk, act, which religion they support, and how they happen and treat people.What are values?Values are long-term appraisals of the worth of an idea, person, place, thing or practice held by individuals, groups or cultures. They affect attitudes and behavior.Do beliefs dissent from values? Explain.Beliefs are convictions arising from repetitive experience showing some logical consistency. When beliefs get stronger, they from into principles and philosophies called values. So things start out as beliefs and turn into values that are held onto and passed downWhy would some people be reluctant to make eye contact with you?There could be a number of reasons why one wouldnt make eye contact with you. It could be a culteral thing, where it is considered rude to look people in the eye. It could be that they are nervous or incertain and feel awkward making eye contact. Or the nonverbal cues that youre giving off may have them a bit scared or too intimidated to approach you.When dealing with customers with a disability, how crowd out you best help them?When dealing with customers with disabilities, the most important thing is to treat them equally as you would with any(prenominal) other customer that walks through the door. Be prepared and informed, be careful not to patronize, refer to the person and not the disability, offer assistance only if do not rush to help without them asking, and lastly, be respectful. How can recognition of the cultural value of importance of family be help ful in customer assistant?Recognizing the importance of family would be helpful in customer service because it shows the customer that relationships are important forming a trust relationship with your customers. Customers like to feel posit and trusted when dealing with anyone in customer service so they know that they are feeling heard.What are some considerations for improving communication in a diverse environment?The diverse nature of the customer population requires business enterprisees to be aware of the various ways people from different cultures interact in the business setting. Being aware of all the different cultures prepares you for whoever walks through the door and needs help understanding certain things and communicating effectively. Avoid jokes, sarcasm, and have respect for the person.How can you effectively communicate with someone who has difficulty with the English language?The best way to communicate with people that struggle with the English language or an y language that is foreign to them is to use general nonverbal communication, like smiling. Avoid slang and sarcasm, as well as jokes. Stick to basic general terms.What are some techniques for effectively providing service to older customers?Effective techniques for dealing with the elderly are being respectful, being patient, answering any questions they have, try not to with child(p) patronizing or bossy, remaining professional and dont let biases interfere with good service.

A Letter from the Trenches

I had attended to write earlier, however the Germans had us c everyplaceed with the unvarying rain of shells f entirelying, we had to stay on fight profession to make sure they did non stir here. On the way substantiate, Zack got caught in a mudslide after whiz of the bombs hit the nearby hill. He went step to the fore similar the others. My family just acquired some new novices to fight and obviously they hadnt seen rats before, consequently they were scare and it wasnt helped by our stories of how the brown rats ripped through with(predicate) the Germans brains and was still hungry. In fact, he got scared so much, we time-tested to cut across in No human beingss Land to wee-wee away exclusively their snipers dig through him quite a literally.By the time it was safe, we had finished eat from the last of our uncontaminated supplies. And just after that we got on Lice traffic, picking bug step to the fore(a) all those eggs was futile, as in that respect were some hidden in the seams of the clothing. Those slugs and beetles were worse than ever, crowding the groins of the little area for themselves. well(p) got a haircut so I am turn over again so I guard avoided the new nits problem.During when I am innocent(p), I standardised to do loads of barricade only when I decided to make a war poem, I hold still for everyone else does. How does it earphone? (Extract from Jesse Pole, The Cole)Whos for the trench Are you, my laddie? Wholl follow French Will you, my laddie? Whos fretting to contract? Whos dismissal out to win? And who wants to save his skin Do you, my laddie?What I am not personnel casualty to include, is that rat problem. It is just to insensitive in my opinion as they killed 1.7million people so farthest be practise of their diseases and their extremely high fertility rate makes it around inconceivable to mature rid of them. Them are like a swarm of bees they will constantly annoy you. You k at one time that trench foot I had, I in the end got rid of it, I am cured no more shall those fungi on the boldness of the wall pose the better of me.Stand to and Morning Hate wasnt any different, fall backing those bayonets. Those 3 hours of peace turn breakfast was just amazing, the relief of not having to be in a trench, unless there is Guard duty. You know, when soul out of each company looks behind at the machine guns, its yet to be me, but Ive leaving the front line briefly thankfully its been 70 days and the square trench cycle thing will take over and Ill be free for a year.Our platoon is quite lucky in my opinion as we are organism provided free funny for our duty along with breakfast, because some of the others dupet get anything. Breakfast is during stand to and morning hate. alone cause the guns stopped firing, doesnt think up there is rest, I mean if you come here, you will kick downstairs yourself scurry across like a mouse, because of the cleansing and checking of eq uip custodyt. Both of the sides unofficially declare a truce I take, I mean at the time we are most off-guard there is no gunfire. Just wait until a SO, senior officer, bob ups out that it happened again, he will send out one company to the Germans trenches through No Mans Land and deserters were just killed.The kind of things we have to do after breakfast fag end be tiring I mean it is fun substitution sandbags and repairing duckboards but the amount of time it takes is forever. We would normally find out what we do by our NCOs. Theyd specialize us each a chore everyday just to try and make it more consoleing to stay. subsequently another heavy storm last night, I suspect we have to spend at least(prenominal) 2 hours reshaping the walls of the trenches to the correct shape because what usually happens is that the rain deforms the walls and makes the floor super muddy and almost impossible to work in. But that is not as unexpressed as it seems, the equipment here is actual ly quite heartfelt compared to back out at home. The pumps functioned and all the muddy water was taken away without all the hard labour. There were a few other small roles that the NCOs would give us, that is to repair the trenches from yesterdays shellingfor todays and also to plant all the ammunition.The main problem out here is boredom, the snipers on the Germans side look out over the 500 yard gap between us and them so it is almost impossible to effort during daylight, differently you would be moving ducks. Whilst stand to and morning hate was going on, if you finished your chores you do personalized stuff like reading or writing letters back home. Most of them are censored, fortunately being an Officer, I can write these types of things.Today Im on patrol duty so Ive been training in hand to hand combat skills such as knifing and boxing because whilst patrolling if we find a German patrol, we would have to either fight or run, and to me, running is not an option. Out o n No Mans Land, there is a variety of things to do such as repairing burred outfit and going to listening posts. However the most gruesome thing you could possibly do out there is retrieve the absolutely bodies,, I mean that is gross.When you see dusk access, you know you have to get rear for a big fight or probably a small battle, you would know its coming cause the general will launch a special cannon into No Mans Land just to tell you to get ready. During these multiplication supplies are normally shipped over because you would be in all likelihood to see enemy and friendly movement, and also that crawling over long grass to repair alter wire can make a lot of sound and theoretically, get you killed Sometimes, lucky men would be sent to the supply trenches to pick up rations and ammo, whilst we are all on firing duty.During these times there is some one normally operating a machine gun for 2 hours. each monthlong and theyd fall asleep. If they did, the penalty of risking the lives of everyone, is getting killed by the firing squad, but I dont see how that is fair, I mean we are all sleep-deprived.Men were relieved form their roles as crack shot and institute troops at night as well, these men would then cross the maze of networks to get back to safety. It once took an hour or two, because our equipment is heavy and it takes forever to actually get anywhere.Something youll have to get apply to around here is that horrid smell. When something dies, it rots away and if not disposed of, it can really stink. Once, I comprehend this story that at the Somme Line, approximately 200 000 men were killed and it stank out the entire place, I mean dead corpses and noses just dont go together well. The smell of creosol in the morning is OK now but when I first came, I almost killed myself.Well thats all I can think of on the top of my head right now, got to go and do morning hate soon you know. typography whilst I am meant to be sleeping doesnt exactly help my sleeping problems but it does comfort in me knowing Ill have the time to write it. You could come and help out one day, I mean they dont need you back home working with the bolt down girls and barter men to grow and sell the food that you are making on moms farm.Youre sincerelyChristopher, your dear BrotherA Letter from the TrenchesMy Dear BrotherI had attended to write earlier, however the Germans had us cover with the constant rain of shells falling, we had to stay on Guard duty to make sure they did not get here. On the way back, Zack got caught in a mudslide after one of the bombs hit the nearby hill. He went out like the others. My company just acquired some new novices to fight and obviously they hadnt seen rats before, consequently they were scared and it wasnt helped by our stories of how the brown rats ripped through the Germans brains and was still hungry. In fact, he got scared so much, we tried to hide in No Mans Land to get away but their snipers shot through him q uite literally.By the time it was safe, we had finished breakfast from the last of our uncontaminated supplies. And just after that we got on Lice Duty, picking out all those eggs was futile, as there were some hidden in the seams of the clothing. Those slugs and beetles were worse than ever, crowding the walls of the little area for themselves. Just got a haircut so I am bald again so I have avoided the new nits problem.During when I am free, I like to do loads of stuff but I decided to make a war poem, I mean everyone else does. How does it sound? (Extract from Jesse Pole, The Cole)Whos for the trench Are you, my laddie? Wholl follow French Will you, my laddie? Whos fretting to begin? Whos going out to win? And who wants to save his skin Do you, my laddie?What I am not going to include, is that rat problem. It is just to insensitive in my opinion as they killed 1.7million people so far because of their diseases and their extremely high fertility rate makes it almostimpossible to g et rid of them. Them are like a swarm of bees they will constantly annoy you. You know that trench foot I had, I finally got rid of it, I am cured no more shall those fungi on the side of the wall get the better of me.Stand to and Morning Hate wasnt any different, repairing those bayonets. Those 3 hours of peace while breakfast was just amazing, the relief of not having to be in a trench, but there is Guard duty. You know, when someone out of each company waits behind at the machine guns, its yet to be me, but Ive leaving the front line soon thankfully its been 70 days and the whole trench cycle thing will take over and Ill be free for a year.Our platoon is quite lucky in my opinion as we are being provided free rum for our duty along with breakfast, because some of the others dont get anything. Breakfast is during stand to and morning hate. Just cause the guns stopped firing, doesnt mean there is rest, I mean if you come here, you will find yourself scurrying across like a mouse, b ecause of the cleansing and checking of equipment. Both of the sides unofficially declare a truce I think, I mean at the time we are most off-guard there is no gunfire. Just wait until a SO, senior officer, finds out that it happened again, he will send out one company to the Germans trenches through No Mans Land and deserters were just killed.The kind of things we have to do after breakfast can be tiring I mean it is fun refilling sandbags and repairing duckboards but the amount of time it takes is forever. We would normally find out what we do by our NCOs. Theyd assign us each a chore everyday just to try and make it more console to stay. After another heavy storm last night, I suspect we have to spend at least 2 hours reshaping the walls of the trenches to the correct shape because what usually happens is that the rain deforms the walls and makes the floor super muddy and almost impossible to work in. But that is not as hard as it seems, the equipment here is actually quite good compared to back out at home.The pumps functioned and all the muddy water was taken away without all the hard labour. There were a few other small roles that the NCOs would give us, that is to repair the trenches from yesterdays shellingfor todays and also to prepare all the ammunition.The main problem out here is boredom, the snipers on the Germans side look out over the 500 yard gap between us and them so it is almost impossible to move during daylight, otherwise you would be moving ducks. Whilst stand to and morning hate was going on, if you finished your chores you do personal stuff like reading or writing letters back home. Most of them are censored, luckily being an Officer, I can write these types of things.Today Im on patrol duty so Ive been training in hand to hand combat skills such as knifing and boxing because whilst patrolling if we find a German patrol, we would have to either fight or run, and to me, running is not an option. Out on No Mans Land, there is a variety o f things to do such as repairing barbed wire and going to listening posts. However the most gruesome thing you could possibly do out there is retrieve the dead bodies,, I mean that is gross.When you see dusk coming, you know you have to get ready for a big fight or probably a small battle, you would know its coming cause the general will launch a special cannon into No Mans Land just to tell you to get ready. During these times supplies are normally shipped over because you would be likely to see enemy and friendly movement, and also that crawling over long grass to repair barbed wire can make a lot of sound and theoretically, get you killed Sometimes, lucky men would be sent to the supply trenches to pick up rations and ammo, whilst we are all on firing duty.During these times there is some one normally operating a machine gun for 2 hours. Any longer and theyd fall asleep. If they did, the penalty of risking the lives of everyone, is getting killed by the firing squad, but I dont s ee how that is fair, I mean we are all sleep-deprived.Men were relieved form their roles as marksman and ground troops at night as well, these men would then cross the maze of networks to get back to safety. It once took an hour or two, because our equipment is heavy and it takes forever to actually get anywhere.Something youll have to get used to around here is that horrid smell. When something dies, it rots away and if not disposed of, it can really stink. Once, I heard this story that at the Somme Line, approximately 200 000 men were killed and it stank out the entire place, I mean dead corpses and noses just dont go together well. The smell of creosol in the morning is OK now but when I first came, I almost killed myself.Well thats all I can think of on the top of my head right now, got to go and do morning hate soon you know. Writing whilst I am meant to be sleeping doesnt exactly help my sleeping problems but it does comfort in me knowing Ill have the time to write it. You cou ld come and help out one day, I mean they dont need you back home working with the land girls and business men to grow and sell the food that you are making on moms farm.Youre sincerelyChristopher, your dear Brother

Man and the Machine Essay

From the aeon of the autobiography, we have perceived that man has been developing at jet speed in the fields of lore and technology. Man, who once lived in the forest, in the natural state, is now on the cliff of mechanical advancement. The question arises same(p) a shot is, who made whom? Did machine make man or man made the machine? The question talent seem obscure or absurd but it intrigues us to ruminate over. The life leaning upon the reputation has taken a hue turn towards machines. Hence its difficult to operate man away(predicate) from machines and visa versa. With the embrace of machines man has become systematic and machine perspective towards living. Man in history invented machines but became dependent too. Once man had cure in the character, joy in the lap of nature and lived a satiated life in the bosom of Nature. Machines have denatured man. Machines that assumed Nano forms became part of man. straightaway one cant but has to lean on them to survive. At present the machine is dowery a small nonage to live on at the exploitation of the masses. The motive force of this minority is not humanity and love of their kind, but greed and avarice. The craze of cell-phones is the best example today. We find no men without mobile. Its a small machine that operates man in all his advancements. Its not wrong to have such machines but the attachment and dependency of living on them has curtailed human freedom, dexterity and the strength.Ostensibly, it has become inseparable part of human living. Advances in technology have resulted in man pure tone more isolated, alienated and lonesome as computers and i-pods have replaced human interaction. No man is sensitive to their feelings like machines when they are engaged by them. Should machines dominate us rational, free human beings or should they be utilise for the development of our skills, talents and relationship? The question is applicable to all. Let us make the best of it to make the innovation a beautiful place to live in.

Power in Sociology Essay

Sociology is a believe of the development, structure, and functioning of benignant society. Sociology overly studies the sophisticated connection between human expression and individual aliveness changes. Sociology examines by the way of genial structure such as various social institutions that require human attitudes, presidencys and social categories. However, in the subject of Sociology of Work, it has combined sociology with physical exertion to improve the human behavior in the physical composition. harmonise to Grint (2005), Work occupies a substantial proportion of most peoples lives and has often been taken as a symbol of someoneal value. He perceived that start volition affect an bodily function that transforms nature which could be undertaken in social circumstance. However, mogul is the main vertexic to discuss in this essay. position is the major explanation to the study of social society. According to J. G. March (1966 cited in Shafritz, Ott & Jang, 200 5), it is not even touchd to organization and also among the community of decision making, business behavior, and small discussion. Meanwhile, office staff is not besides(prenominal) employ in the organization yet theoretical able to apply in the other circumstances. However, the discussion in this essay testament be critically evaluate the military force that is personad by those covert take aim of the organization to control and possess to those press down aim in the hierarchy. Coercive role is one of the powers that leave be discussed in the argument, follow by social power and also legitimate power. This essay allow include some of the theories by Weber and Marx to support the discussion of power.Bureaucracy subject matter the top of the vigilance holds the coordination and possession of the hierarchy and who devised a organization that includes the rule and regulation to restrict the lower level underling in order to achieve organization goals, (Grint 2005). In the theory of Bureaucracy by Max Weber, he perceived that there argon possess and control towards the lower level subordinate by the top in the organization. Weber has conceptualized of agency on bureaucracy by the sense of legitimate power and it will be the center of the organizations fulfilles. Weber also emphasizes rationalization process that regard to work organization and also able to improve development of technological and scientific thinking. This process would remind the employees to use the most appropriate way to achieve task base on the procedures and the formalize roles. Besides, according to Shafritz, Ott & Jang (2005), The rationale of office hierarchy and the level of graded authority mean a firmly staged system of super and sub-ordination in which there is a supervision of the lower office by the higher ones.It means that the hierarchy and the level of an organization had their own system of authority to supervision the employees by the top of the centeri ng. capitalism is devised by a German philosopher named Karl Marx. It is related to the industrial sociology and labor process. Marx had mentioned that industrial society had to be comp bed with agrarian society and the success of human freedom eventually, but the main reason of the social formation was only caused by the capitalist pattern and not the industrial process. Marx had emphasized that capitalism is more important than industrialism because it is the only capitalism. He also argued that human species is different from all other animal species, not because of its consciousness but because it alone produces its own means of subsistence (Grint 2005).On the other hand, alienation and exploitation still an important deviate of the capitalism. The impact on Marxs theory in the modern industrial had strictly been use in the labor process. This impact had developed a perspective with the employment relations and employee behavior in the work design and also the organization. Al ienation is the relationship between human expression and labor changes, and not using labor to fulfill their needs. Marx also stated that worker are alienates from their labor because it is no longer pop off to the worker, but rather to the capitalist. In the system of capitalist, the minority owns the production, where the labor power is only owned by majority (Grint, 2005). Thus, the profit of production is through a commodity market and this is called alienation of production.Exploitation is a social relation on which capitalism is built. Worker pays less of wages than what they produce. It means that the worker gets a 10 dollars wages a twenty-four hour period, he/she must produce more than 10 dollars a day worth of value. As we know, power mostly uses to control the hierarchy by the top of the watchfulness in an organization. Power in an organization has really big dexterity, whoever having the higher position in the organization will obtain the possession authority to co ntrol the entire organization. According to Giddens (1979 cited in Grint 2005), he argued that too many a(prenominal) power which had been used at the same time would cause the least of the result eventually. It means that if the organization had too many of work relationship, it would be more complicated and uncontrollable by the management.However, coercive power is one of the powers that always uses by an organization. This power generally uses in some low trust organization to possess their worker and employees. delinquent to that, coercive power is often used by the top level to direct control the lower ones. Coercive power tends to be highly prescribed procedures which the workers are ordered to follow step by step of the job. Workers are in close supervision and under management by the top level along the working period. Therefore, low commitment and low trust finale would be integrated into the coercive power regulated organization. Not even that, a tightly bureaucratic structure and culture will infuse in this coercive organization. Bureaucracy management is slightly analogous to coercive powers which both are using force and impersonal forces to regulate the organization. Moreover, the internalisation of an organization would be affected directly to the capital punishment and productivity of an organization. In other words, social power means incorporation basically it is a central element in analyzing human society and the way it is organized.Based on organization point of view, the strength of social power is defined as the potential ability of A to influence to B in the organization. According to French and Raven (1959 cited in Shafritz, Ott & Jang, 2005), power of a person is measurable by the influence ability although he may choose to use lesser than it. Due to that, internalization and social power are mostly the same, they are both study about process of acceptance of a set of norms and values established by people or group which are influential to the individual through the process of socialization. However, legitimate powers occur when a leader is being selected to an authority position. It means that the leader with legitimate power has the authority to issue order which they in turn demand an obligation to accept. According to French and Raven (1959 cited in Shafritz, Ott & Jang, 2005), they said that the speculation and investigation about social specified behavior has been considerable, which is particularly prescribed to give a position.People with legitimate power are usually involved in certain title or position. The impact of this legitimate power could affect the whole organization. At the higher hierarchy management person, such as manager and Chief executive Officer (CEO), they are the main person who makes decision in the whole organization. In edge of leadership, the top management would use legitimate power to force the employee to do anything they want and complete the task. But, the down-line employees could reject the forces by their up-line manager. According to Linton (1945 cited in Shafritz, Ott & Jang, 2005), the differences of the group norm are pursuant from whether they are alternative, culture and specialties. As remote as concerned, Marx and Weber both have interpret the same meaning related to enforcement in the organization. In the above discussion, Weber has conceptualized of authority on bureaucracy by the sense of legitimate power.Which is means bureaucracy and legitimate power are similar concept of management way for a organization. He also devised that there are possess and control towards the lower level subordinate by the top in the organization. Legitimate power used by some of the organization to regulated their employee. The organization structure and performance will be improve and also increase productivity. In a legitimate organization, the top management has the authority to control the lower ones. However, coercive power also same as the leg itimate power use manage the hierarchy in an organization. Coercive power is suitable to use in industrial base organization to supervise the worker since there is low trust structure in the organization. twain of these powers are slightly similar to bureaucracy management that uses to dominate the lower level employees in an organization.For example, meet in Time system (JIT) able to improve behavior of the worker and power capacity. JIT is mainly use by industrial sector in Japan which is produce just in time for them to use. JIT is a simple production method for manufacturing. It is to produce and deliver the product at once it is finished to be sold which is also called just in time to be sold. Lastly, there is another power relate to hierarchy management from top to lower level. Social power as we know as internalization of an organization, it is a study of someones influential to individual through the process of socialization. Social power is much more important for the hie rarchy management. This power would be need more skill and knowledge when use to apply on employees. Top management need to know how to influence the lower ones to change their mindset. The worker will perform better and efficacy when their mindset is just toward the organization. Total gauge Management (TQM), the system that use in many organization since 1980s. In this case study of TQM, they had oral sex toward power that to be capability of individual or group. They research on the structure and inter-personal characteristics within the depository financial institution division and branches that under same organization. From analysis of this case study, the power relation not only likely in social power but also in coercive and political power.In conclusion, the power that discuss above which use to improve hierarchy management and that able to develop the human behavior in the organization. Power is the major explanation to study if social society. The three powers that had discussed in the above split include coercive, legitimate and social power. All of these powers have enough use to handle the hierarchy management in the organization. However, coercive and legitimate power is more toward impersonal and forces way of management. Top management burn use social power to influence their employees to work and change their mind of thinking in term any affection in the organization.

Economic development and social standing of women in low income countries Essay

The hand that rocks the cradle is the hand that rules the humanity is a famous saying that is pertinent to the argument that analysts make about development of women in poorer-ranking income countries depending on the raising of brotherly standing of women in these countries. Because, Women ar the nourishing ground of human imagination of any society. Children are the future citizens of a Nation and the global world. High standards of women in society put up to a rich human resource.A productive human resource is the most important authorization of a country for economic growth and prosperity, which further brings about a total development of that nation. Women are the grassroots of such a growth. Therefore it is very logical to argue that economic development in low income countries mellowly depends on women and their empowerment, the raising of their social standing in that society. Family is a social grounding found in all cooperative groups to oversee the bearing and r aising of children throughout the world wrote privy J Macionis (2006).Children who are raised by equal status, educated mothers, in developed countries grow up to go to higher levels of education and become responsible adults of the nation. The women thus use their time and resources to development of their children. solely the women in under developed low income countries do not have an access to such resources comparable education and good health. Their social standing is low and hence these nations give rise to an underdeveloped creation which in turn results in low economy of the country. These countries are patriarchal and believe in success ofEconomic development men. Women are a neglected section and thus they remain at the final strata of that society. Gender stratification plays a vital role in socialization of families, peers, schooling, and mass media says John J Macios (2007). Raising standards of women will therefore bring about an elevation in the standards with w hich they raise their own children. Upliftment of women, their empowerment, providing these women social dignity, facilities of good health and sanitation, education and career skills is an important factor that needs attention in low income Countries.With an equality of genders both, men and women could make valuable contri aloneions to the economy of their country. Not sole(prenominal) economic development but the overall enrichment of the human resource of the whole world will then take place. Sociologists the world over argue about the dependence of social status of women in low income countries with their economy because investment in human resource is the only answer to development and optimization of natural resource. Respected, educated, healthy, happy mothers are the only answer to a well developed world.Not still for a few countries and not just for economy but for the good health of the Universe, women all over the world deserve a high status in society. They really are the ones who teach children to become good and responsible adults, and this is the only direction economic development can take place. Therefore sociologists agree and analysts argue that economy of the country depends upon the social standing of women in that country with special reference to the low income nations of the world.ReferencesMacionis, J. J. (2006). Society The Basics. Pearson Education.

Language, Nonverbal Codes, and Cultural Space

I am surface-to-air missile Is an emotion severally(prenominal)y charged movie about a mentally disabled father that does his best to get ahead his daughter that was abandoned by her mother at birth. in that respect is a large cast of characters that open to the movie and all of them give-up the ghost in different ways. Cultural differences and communication styles will be explored further. The tenseness of the movie is the bond between surface-to-air missile and his daughter Lucy. Almost from the beginning there Is a car park bond between the two eased on the mental capacity they both share.Once Lucy Is old adequate to formulate her own thoughts the small communication gap they once had was dissolved. They both had similar thoughts and exhibited a in general high context communication style throughout the movie. Having so much in common and existence around each other contributed to the many verbal and nonverbal cues they used to communicate. Many times Sam would revert ba ck to Battles trivia to answer question asked of him. Since he didnt have the mental capacity to reach meaningful adult talk, this is how he hose to communicate with Intellectually superior people.Sam had a few friends that were all disabled in their own ways and it was obvious to see that they all had their own ways to communicate when speaking about how to raise Lucy but they all knew what each other was saying even if it wasnt obvious. There were many other types of communication I observed in the movie. As cold and calculated as Cams lawyer Rata was, Sam and her actually developed a strong bond as they both helped each other out with their Issues. Randy, who became Lullys foster parent also

Vladimir Putin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vladimir Putin - Essay Examplether it was aimed at creating a sovereign Russian democratic carcass closer to the states own circumstances and traditions (Lieven & Lieven 2005, 73). Putins domestic policies intensified fight against organized crime and terrorism that resulted in a twofold time lower murder rate and a significant decrease of the terrorist attacks. The policies were effective in codifying tax and land law, establishment of new labor codes, commercial, administrative and civil adjective law (Herspring 2009, 165). Under the administration, the economy made real gains on a 7 percent total making it the seventh worlds largest economy in terms of its purchasing powers. The investments increased by 125 percent industries grew by 76 percent, and an increase in construction and agriculture was also inform (Lo 2008, 12).Putins domestic political policies resulted in a relative qualitative and quantitative decreased cooperation maiden between Russia and the United States. Pu tin revived the global power image of Russia that had been lost by the preceding lead as the nation transformed into a new state. The domestic and foreign policy issues lead to a renewal of political tension between Russia and United state similar confrontation during the era of the ice-cold war losing their support differentiating Russia from the West (Foxall 2013, 149). The foreign policies were characterized by military demonstrations, aggressive, cold and highly pragmatic diplomacy. The policies maintain the nations position in the global political arena. The Russian leadership moved to bilateral partnerships and as substantially reduced the dependence on the western political guides and expertise (Mankoff 2008, 44).This resulted in a diplomatic and a strong opposition that opposed the US economic and military coercion action, the imposed security initiatives and the centralisation of executive power. The nations global image was restored by arousing nationalist agenda, as w ell as the

Analysis Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis - Term Paper ExampleDonatellos David had been created a century earlier. Presumably, the bronzy sculpture of David was finished in the 1440s. While these sculptures belong to two different periods at bottom the Renaissance period, show the scriptural hero king David in different light, are made of different material, and take a crap some other differences, they are both sculptures of nude males, gave the same subject matter (Davids victory all over Goliath), and display the features of the Renaissance art. My goal in this paper is to critically examine these two sculptures and find how all(prenominal) of them represents its style, time period, and the talent of its creator. Also, the paper will focus on similarities and differences between these two sculptures visually as well as in terms of their meaning. First, let us focus on the sculpture of David by Donatello. This is a bronze sculpture which represents a standing man who poses one of his feet on his enemys lais sez passer presumably after a victorious fight. The man is a portrayal of a biblical character King David, while the head under Davids foot is that of giant Goliath. David is depicted with a mysteriously smile. He is nude but wears a hat with evergreen laurel on pinch of it. He as well as wears boots and has a sword in his hand. If to refer to the Scriptures, the sword is that of Goliath. Interestingly, the helmet of Goliaths head features a feather. It looks as though it was attached to the victors foot. David, Donatello, bronze, circa 1440s Just as its predecessor Donatellos marble sculpture of David completed at the very beginning of the 15th century bronze David appeared to be among the first free-standing sculptures of nude men since the time of Graeco-Roman civilization. Moreover, David within Donatellos authorship was remarkably natural. This was practical to achieve due to the recently developed technique of schiacciato. The latter was about carving in a rather low rel ief with the help of the mathematical perspective trick taught by Brunelleschi, a famed architect of that time. That technique helped create illusion of bigger depth (Moretti, 2010, p.32). David by Michelangelo portrays King David in nude. David is presented in a pose which is clearly serene and confident. It seems he is contemplating something important. Perhaps this is the fight that he is about to have with Goliath, a giant warrior of enormous physical strength. This is the most widespread version of the statues background. Other critics also say David whitethorn be portrayed thinking about his victory after he disappointed Goliath. The meaning behind this statue is aspiration toward freedom, justice, and good government (Bussagli, 2000, p.48). David, Michelangelo, marble, 1501-1504. The differences between these two sculptures of David stem from the fact that they were created within different periods. Donatello (1386-1466) lived and worked in Early Renaissance whose borders w ith late Middle Ages with its Gothic sculpture and architecture were tacit blurred. In history, this period is known as Quattrocento. Frederick Hartt in his History of Italian Renaissance Art (2006) refers to Quattrocento as to the forefront of Italian Renaissance. It encompassed culture and artistic heritage of both Middle Ages and Early Renaissance and may be called a transition from the medieval period to Renaissance. Revolutionary by its clearly expressed individualism, which was a sign of dramatic changes in all spheres of human life (economic, social, as well as cultural), Quattrocento was characterized by integration of Greek and Roman classic representations into the arts. At the same time, the Quattrocento artworks differed from those of High Renaissance with their highly consummate forms, lines, and representations. As or Donatello, he was a

Data Encryption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data encryption - Essay Example, storing as substantially as managing our passwords allowing us to click just the once and obtain the entire the password regarding knowledge we use up without encompassing to be afraid of data susceptibility.Simple multi-user arrangement permits by PassMonster enterprise-wide. PassMonster offers business to put in concert faultlessly into our present computing situation thus making it simple to install as nearly as utilize this application by a lot of users as we require.This system offers the facility to the users to describe perceptive files in the folder organized through the IT Supervisor, DEOS take control to consistently encrypt files in batch format when Users shut down their systems.By means of the Timed-Interval Encryption utility, a User places cabalistic files in the directory created through our IT manager, DeltaCrypt pass on encode/encrypt them consecutively at the timed-period set. If DeltaCrypt determines a vulnerable file, it wi ll automatically encrypt that particular file.In DeltaCrypt by means of the .ADM file placed in the spry Directory Group Policy administration, this system offers alternatives those are simply organized through the IT manager. As of the encryption algorithmic program to the client password arrangement, DeltaCrypt configuration is formed according to our safety requirements.In the present age of information technology we are facing a lot of challenges such as data hacking and theft. In this scenario the Encryption is the only way that offers enhanced support for handling and managing the security and privacy of the data. In this scenario I keep back analyzed three top encryption software applications. I have assessed some of the main advantages and latent benefits attained through these systems. However I have found DeltaCrypt DEOS more excellent in gaffe of offering better and enhanced solution for the business and personal data security.Encryption is one of the main tools for ensuring information security. We cannot imagine a security

Contemporary issues in marketing MGT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contemporary issues in marketing MGT - Essay ExampleOver clock time the classical economic theory based melody complaisant responsibility evolved to see business social responsibility as more than just profit. Businesses worldwide have become more socially responsible, only they still are pursuing economic interests. Economic interests will always remain the number cardinal priority for businesses all over the world. Any mechanism for enforcing or urging social responsibility upon firms moldiness of course reckon with a profit motive... (Arrow, 2001 304)Not all the businesses have socially responsible outlook. more or less business owners still regard socially responsible business practices as a waste of money, the constitute outweighing any benefits. The majority of business owners, however, regard the cost of socially responsible actions as necessary expense. They pee such a commitment an essential part of their business operation. They take a great serve of pride in the r eputation their business has established and wish to protect its good name. These businesses want to be seen as responsible corporate citizens, conscious of the high standards expected of them by their customers and society at large.The business world of today is much more complex compared to that of 60 years age, requiring a higher tip of corporate social responsibil... Corporate sociable responsibilitys (CSRs) time has come, and it is not just a management fad. The pick up benefits of CSR for companies are in employee retention and helping organizations through dialogue and engagement with their key stakeholders. This enables companies to win break off alignment with their markets and customers in the long run, and help stem the growing tide of confrontation.Strategic Ethics And Social functionStrategic ethics and social responsibility are two of the most important, yet possibly most misunderstood concerns in the world of business today. By their very nature, these fields are controversial, and at that place is no universally accepted approach for solving their questions. On the other hand, government is encouraging organisational accountability for ethical conduct, and organisations are being asked to prevent and control misconduct by implementing ethics programs. By defining strategic ethics, we can link and compare it with the concept of social responsibility. In this way, we can turn out applications in the business context, thus drawing conclusions about their roles in strategy. (Ferrell, 2000, 119-23)With the competing demands from different stakeholders, Corporate Social Responsibility is becoming more important in an organisation. Corporate enterprises are starting to recognize that they have a wider responsibility to the communities within which they operate. Research has shown that by implementing social responsibilities, a win-win situation can be achieved amid the company and its stakeholders.Social responsibility is the obligation a busi ness assumes toward society. Jennings (20036)